‘quite’ is used with adjectives, adverbs and verbs. The word ‘quite’ has a positive connotation.

‘quite’ + a/an + Noun Phrase is used to show appreciation for a value that is considered above average.

'not quite' is an idiom. 'an idiom' is a group of words whose meaning is not clear if we only study the meaning of the words that form it individually. We must study it as a whole and as a single meaning.

‘rather’ digunakan dengan kata sifat (adjectives), kata keterangan (adverbs) dan kata kerja (verbs). Kata rather lebih banyak berkonotasi negatif.

‘would rather’ disingkat ’d rather mempunyai arti would prefer to. Kita menggunakan or untuk menggantikan than dalam pertanyaan.

Adverbs are placed in front of the main verbs.

Adverbs are placed in front of the main verbs and after the auxiliary verbs.

Adverbs are usually placed in front of the main verb, although they can also be placed after the first auxiliary verb.

The two adverbs are separated by auxiliary verbs.

The ‘adverb’ that emphasizes the auxiliary verb is placed in front of the auxiliary verb. Otherwise, the adverb is placed after the auxiliary verb.

Adverbs can be placed before and after the modal auxiliary verbs:

‘should’ is one of the most difficult modal auxiliary verbs to use.

If 'like' is used in front, then 'like' refers to the entire clause that follows it.

'likely' is an adjective and means possible (probable, expected). We use ''likely' to ask about the probability of something happening. Don't use 'may' to ask about possibility.

‘none of’ + plural countable noun/uncountable noun is considered singular in written language but is often considered plural in spoken language. Thus, we can say:

None of the employees was/were absent yesterday.

‘the number of’ + plural countable noun refers to 'an amount' so it is considered as a singular form. We say:

The number of students is twenty.

‘two thirds of’, when followed by an uncountable noun, will be considered singular, but when followed by a plural countable noun, it will be considered plural.

'each' means 'every'. 'each' is singular and followed by a singular noun, while each of is followed by a plural noun. 'We each' uses a plural verb.

The adjectives above are plural because they represent a group of people.

ten thousand rupiah(s)’, two hours of rest, three kilometres are singular because they indicate an amount of money, an amount of time and a distance.

‘Somebody talked to himself or herself’, is more formal than Somebody talked to themselves. However, the current trend is to use the plural pronoun (themselves) because if we use himself or herself (to differentiate gender), the pronunciation will be longer.

‘the government’, the staff, the police are collective nouns. If we emphasize a group of people, we consider collective nouns as plural, and if we emphasize it as an individual, we consider it as singular. ‘collective nouns’ in American English are singular, while in British English they are plural or/and singular. In TOEFL collective nouns are singular.

‘collective noun’ yang lain adalah: the audience, the bank, the choir, the class, the club, the committee, the company, the couple, the crew, the crowd, the faculty, the family, the firm, the government, the group, the jury, the majority, the minority, the Press, the public, the school, the team

‘neither of’ + plural noun and ‘any of’ + plural noun can be used with plural or singular verbs.

‘no problem’ means There is not a problem, while ‘no problems’ means There aren’t any problems. So, we can say:
no mistake, no mistakes, no car, no cars, no restaurant, no restaurants.

We can use singular verbs in spoken language, but in written language we use plural verbs.

'more than one' is singular and requires a singular verb.

The plural forms of sort of (a), kind of (a) and type of (a) are sorts of, kinds of and types of.

If the expression connected by 'and' and refers to something as a whole, then the expression is singular. Consider the example below.
The 'demonstrative' used is singular (this).

'Interrogative Pronouns' usually use a singular verb, but if the speaker thinks that the object or person referred to is more than one, he or she can use a plural verb.

Some words can be used in the same form as either a singular noun or a plural noun.

The following words are always in the plural form:
ashes, belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings, glasses, goods, headquarters, outskirts, particulars, premises, riches, savings, scales,  scissors, spectacles, stairs, stockings, surroundings, thanks, trousers

'adjectives' which describe noun phrases can be arranged using the following guidelines although some grammarians have different views.

pre-determiner + central determiner + ordinal number + cardinal number + general description + physical state (specific description)/present participle/past participle + proper adjective + adjective ending in - ic(al), -al + material + noun (purpose)/gerund + noun + head noun

‘Determiners’ are words like some, the, your which are placed in front of a noun to show how the noun is used.

The long adjective sequence above is just an example. In everyday use we use the following adjective combinations:

As we have known before, adjectives are usually placed in front of nouns, but some adjectives can also be placed after nouns.

‘Reduced clauses’ are clauses that can be shortened. Such ‘clauses’ often confuse those who learn English. Here is a summary of clause shortening.

Removing subject + be:

If we want to remove the subject + be in an adverbial clause, we need to note that the subject of the main clause is also the subject of the adverbial clause.

The sentence above is correct because the subject of the adverbial clause ‘When I was in Tangerang’ is the same as the subject of the main clause. However, we cannot say: ‘When I was a boy, English was studied by me’.

his is because the subject of the adverbial clause ‘When I was a boy’, (I) is not the same as the subject of the main clause ‘English was studied by me’ (English). The wrong sentence above is called dangling.

Basically all forms of clauses can be shortened in the same way, which is done by omitting the subject + be. Please note that omitting the subject + be in a when clause that is in the form of when + subject + be + prepositional phrase is considered wrong in the TOEFL exam.

Removing subject + be:

Removing subject + be:

Reducing subject + be:

Removing subject + be:

Changing
'so that-clause' to 'so as to/in order to + infinitive',
so + adjective + that-clause to 'so + adjective + as to + infinitive

In order for the sentences above to be shortened using so as to or so as not to, both subjects in the sentence must be the same. In sentence (a) both subjects are they and in sentence (b) both subjects are he. Note that in sentences (c) and (d) between so and as there is an adjective.

Removing subject + be

‘would rather’ means would prefer to.

We use prefer in the following ways:

‘rather than’ means in preference to somebody or something, more, in a greater degree. ‘rather than’ is usually used with parallel constructions with two adjectives, adverbials / prepositional phrases, nouns, verb + ing or infinitives (with or without to).

‘had better’ means would be wise/advisable/sensible to, otherwise.... ‘had better’ is used to express a very strong recommendation/advice. The negative form of had better is had better not.

The following sentences containing had better provide a warning that if it is not carried out, it will have certain consequences.

A ‘clause’ is a number of words that have a subject and a predicate. ‘Clauses’ consist of two types, namely independent clauses which are called main clauses and dependent clauses which are called subordinate clauses. ‘Independent clauses’ are clauses that can stand alone. Such clauses are also called main clauses or sentences.

‘Dependent clauses’ are clauses that cannot stand alone.

‘Adverb’ can be placed right in front of the infinitive phrase it describes.

Adverbs’ such as deliberately, entirely, purposely, quickly and adverbs of frequency such as always, often, usually are placed in front of the infinitive phrase being described.

Dalam kalimat They chose purposely to talk about it, penempatan adverb ‘purposely’ di antara kata kerja chose dan to talk membuat kabur kata kerja mana yang diterangkan oleh adverb ‘purposely’. Apakah kata kerja chose atau to talk? Untuk menghindari hal ini, kalimat (c) di atas dapat diubah menjadi:

‘to’ dan verb yang terpisah oleh adverb disebut juga dengan split infinitive dan sering disalahkan dalam ujian bahkan dalam TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language). Kalimat seperti ‘They chose to purposely talk about this’ akan dianggap salah, tetapi sebagian orang menganggapnya benar. ‘split infinitive’ ini digunakan secara informal. ‘adverbial phrases’ yang terdiri dari lebih dari satu kata jarang digunakan dalam posisi yang demikian karena akan membuat to dan verb terpisah terlalu jauh tetapi kadang-kadang dapat juga digunakan seperti once again, sooner or later, more or less, at once, right away.

‘Adverb’ is placed at the end of the sentence if the infinitive phrase is short.

‘Adverbs’ used with auxiliary verbs occupy the same position as when used with the main verb in a sentence.

‘Adverbs of frequency’ in sentences that use auxiliary verbs and infinitives occupy the following positions:

ask, consider, explain, decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, show, teach, understand, wonder.      

The ‘infinitive phrase’ is placed right after the noun it describes. 

We can use so in short answers with verbs such as: appear, believe, gather, hear, say, seem, tell, understand. ‘so’ here means that something is known before it is told.

An 'abstract noun' is a noun that is not real, in the form of a concept, namely an idea that exists in our minds.

'a concrete noun’ is a noun that we can feel physically through the five senses such as kiss, see, touch.

‘abstract noun phrase’ is a phrase in which one of the words forming it is an abstract noun.

Abstract noun’ functions as a noun phrase, namely a phrase that can fill the positions of nouns in a sentence, either as a subject or an object.