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Advanced Robby Lou's Learner's English-Indonesian Dictionary info

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BASIC Beginner Essentials Ideal for learners just starting out. You’ll find the most frequently used words here—perfect for building a solid foundation in English.
STANDARD Intermediate Core Take your skills to the next level. This collection focuses on versatile words and phrases, helping you communicate more naturally in everyday situations.
PREMIUM Advanced Usage Challenge yourself with nuanced expressions and less common vocabulary. Mastery here will help you understand and produce sophisticated English.

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Chapter 1 13 Units

NOUNS

Unit 1

Chapter 1

countable nouns

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Unit 2

Chapter 1

uncountable nouns

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Unit 3

Chapter 1

nouns as countable; uncountable nouns

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Unit 4

Chapter 1

counting uncountable nouns

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Unit 5

Chapter 1

kind(s) of, type(s) of, sort(s) of

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Unit 6

Chapter 1

no + countable noun or uncountable noun

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Unit 7

Chapter 1

one of the + plural noun + plural verb, some of the + plural noun + plural verb, some of the + uncountable noun + singular verb

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Unit 8

Chapter 1

nouns as modifiers (adjectives)

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Unit 9

Chapter 1

collective nouns agree with singular verbs

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Unit 10

Chapter 1

enough + noun; noun + enough

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Unit 11

Chapter 1

repetition of the subject

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Unit 12

Chapter 1

the + uncountable noun + of phrase

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Unit 13

Chapter 1

the + verb + ing (gerund) + of noun

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Chapter 2 7 Units

Pronouns

Unit 14

Chapter 2

subject pronouns

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‘subject pronouns’ adalah pronoun (kata ganti) yang digunakan sebagai subjek kalimat. ‘subject pronouns’ adalah I, you, we, he, she, it, they. Jangan gunakan object pronouns sebagai subjek kalimat. ‘object pronouns’ adalah: me, you, us, him, her, it, them.

Contoh:

(a)	My friend and I will come to the party.
(b)	John studies English every day so that he can get a good job.
(c)	You are not as good as she is.
(d)	It is very delicious.
(e)	We are happy to hear that.
(f)	They will help us tomorrow.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He and me have made an agreement.
	Benar	:	He and I have made an agreement.
2.	Salah	:	John and him will work together as a team.
	Benar	:	John and he will work together as a team.
3.	Salah	:	Mary and us have decided to cancel the meeting.
	Benar	:	Mary and we have decided to cancel the meeting.
4.	Salah	:	He and them want to talk to you.
	Benar	:	He and they want to talk to you.
5.	Salah	:	Jim and her thought that you would not come.
	Benar	:	Jim and she thought that you would not come.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Restrict and avoid red meat as far as possible as ___ are high in saturated fats.
1. their
2. they
3. them
4. themselves
5. placeholder
Winston Churchill once said that ___ thought there was a block of ice in his stomach each time he made a speech.
1. he
2. him
3. his
4. himself
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) The discovery
of a tiny arm bone and a skull in remote Flores
(B) has prompted
scientists to rewrite our
(C) long understanding
on how
(D) us
became human.
(E) placeholder
(A) All
young children
(B) need to
grow, to learn, to move, at
(C) whatever
rate
(D) them
find comfortable.
(E) placeholder

Unit 15

Chapter 2

object pronouns

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‘object pronouns’ adalah personal pronouns yang digunakan sebagai obyek dari kata kerja atau preposisi. ‘object pronouns’ adalah me, you, us, him, her, it dan them.

Contoh:

(a)	He loves her very much.
(b)	Don’t blame me.
(c)	This is just between us.
(d)	We don’t understand them.
(e)	Please let him go.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	You can tell a lot about people by just watching they.
	Benar	:	You can tell a lot about people by just watching them.
2.	Salah	:	Let’s go inside, and let I show you something about the product.
	Benar	:	Let’s go inside, and let me show you something about the product.
3.	Salah	:	The mother can handle the children better, keeping they calm.
	Benar	:	The mother can handle the children better, keeping them calm.
4.	Salah	:	The lecture confused he instead of making him understand.
	Benar	:	The lecture confused him instead of making him understand.
5.	Salah	:	He always tries to get she to agree with him.
	Benar	:	He always tries to get her to agree with him.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

You must have your audience's immediate attention and ___ in your speech at the very beginning.
1. get them interesting
2. get them interest
3. get them interested
4. get they interested
5. placeholder
It would be much easier to persuade someone who is afraid of heights to learn to play tennis than to persuade ___ to try sky-diving as a hobby.
1. he
2. his
3. him
4. her
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Often a person cannot give up a religious belief because he feels that he
(A) would
then be disloyal to
(B) those
who have influenced
(C) he
and
(D) whom
he has respected and loved.
(E) placeholder
Happy people are
(A) grateful for
life,
(B) no matter
what tests and hardships
(C) it
may put
(D) him
through.
(E) placeholder

Unit 16

Chapter 2

object pronouns after prepositions

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‘object pronouns’ (me, him, her, it, you, us, them) digunakan setelah preposisi. Beberapa preposisi yang umum digunakan dengan object pronoun adalah: between, among, of, to, with, for, from, at, on, in, behind, in front of, beside, toward, next to, below, through, with. Jangan gunakan subject pronouns (I, he, she, it, you, we, they) dalam hal ini.

Contoh:

(a)	There is no secret between us.
(b)	I wholeheartedly agree with you.
(c)	This present is for her.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He has six people working below he.
	Benar	:	He has six people working below him.
2.	Salah	:	I got the car through she.
	Benar	:	I got the car through her.
3.	Salah	:	Come and stand beside I.
	Benar	:	Come and stand beside me.
4.	Salah	:	She ran toward they.
	Benar	:	She ran toward them.
5.	Salah	:	It’s unkind of she to mention his weight.
	Benar	:	It’s unkind of her to mention his weight.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Contracts are an important subject to businessmen. ___, there would be much dispute and confusion.
1. Without they
2. Without their
3. Without theirs
4. Without them
5. placeholder
We have to do something for the best friend who has been ___ through thick and thin.
1. with us
2. with we
3. with ours
4. with ourselves
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Hearing
a sound behind
(B) himself
, a gentle furtive sound
(C) stirring
in grass, he turned around
(D) quickly
.
(E) placeholder
We have
(A) a
moral commitment to
(B) the
people
(C) working
under
(D) ours
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 17

Chapter 2

possesive adjectives + parts of the body

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‘possessive adjectives’ (my, his, her, its, your, our, their) biasanya digunakan di depan parts of the body (bagian dari tubuh). ‘possessive adjectives’ ini digunakan jika kita telah mengetahui parts of the body itu milik seseorang tertentu atau sudah teridentifikasi. Jangan gunakan the dalam hal ini.

Contoh:

(a)	How did you break your leg?
(b)	Her hair is hanging down her shoulder.
(c)	What do you think of my nose?
(d)	Be careful. Don’t cut your finger.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Don’t come any closer, or you may hurt the finger.
	Benar	:	Don’t come any closer, or you may hurt your finger.
2.	Salah	:	He had the hair colored.
	Benar	:	He had his hair colored.
3.	Salah	:	The heart was beating so hard that he could hardly breathe.
	Benar	:	His heart was beating so hard that he could hardly breathe.
4.	Salah	:	Why don’t you wear the watch on the wrist?
	Benar	:	Why don’t you wear the watch on your wrist?
5.	Salah	:	Her hair is covering the eyes.
	Benar	:	Her hair is covering her eyes.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

A child get sensation when pinching ___.
1. parts of his body
2. parts of the body
3. parts of their body
4. parts of her body
5. placeholder
She braided ___ in the two accustomed pigtails and took off in her best shoes.
1. the hair
2. her hair
3. hers hair
4. its hair
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

He started
(A) screaming
and
(B) slammed
the phone down.
(C) The
veins in
(D) the
forehead are popping out.
(E) placeholder
(A) As
people
(B) are ageing
,
(C) the
faces do not look as good as they
(D) used to
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 18

Chapter 2

reflexive pronouns

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‘reflexive pronouns’ digunakan untuk menunjuk kembali pada subjek pelaku perbuatan. ‘reflexive pronouns’ ini biasanya mengambil posisi objek dalam sebuah kalimat dan sering kali sebagai objek dari preposisi. ‘reflexive pronouns’ adalah myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves dan themselves.

Contoh:

(a)	Be careful not to hurt yourself.
(b)	Why is she always talking to herself?
(c)	He prays for himself.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	I usually buy me clothes and shoes.
	Benar	:	I usually buy myself clothes and shoes.
2.	Salah	:	Ask him to be careful, or he might hurt him.
	Benar	:	Ask him to be careful, or he might hurt himself.
3.	Salah	:	She doesn’t like her own person.
	Benar	:	She doesn’t like herself.
4.	Salah	:	Look at you in the mirror, and you will know who you are.
	Benar	:	Look at yourself in the mirror, and you will know who you are.
5.	Salah	:	They are the people who like to hear them talk.
	Benar	:	They are the people who like to hear themselves talk.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

We have to kick-start ___ into action, and it's not easy.
1. themselves
2. ourselves
3. herself
4. itself
5. placeholder
He went out and hid ___ behind a tree to eavesdrop.
1. themselves
2. itself
3. herself
4. himself
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The problem is, what
(A) stops
most of us
(B) believing
in
(C) himself
is we are
(D) so
afraid of rejection.
(E) placeholder
(A) Singaporeans
are known to indulge
(B) them
with food, and
(C) eating
has become
(D) a
national obsession.
(E) placeholder

Unit 19

Chapter 2

subject pronouns

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‘subject pronouns’ (kata ganti) I, he, she, it, we, you dan they digunakan sebagai object dari be jika object dari be ini adalah subject dari relative clause, prepositional phrase, noun clause, present participle phrase. Jangan gunakan object pronoun (me, him, her, us, them) dalam hal ini.

Contoh:

(a)	It was I who made the mistake.
(b)	How could you forget that it was we who planned this?
(c)	It was she who picked up the phone.
(d)	It was you who did it.
(e)	Is it he in the bathroom?
(f)	It is they visiting us.
(g)	It is she talking on the phone.

‘It is’ dapat diikuti juga oleh subyek jamak.
Contoh:

(a)	It is the teachers who ought to prevent humiliation behavior among students.
(b)	It is the mothers who do most of the housework at home.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	It was me who asked her to come.
	Benar	:	It was I who asked her to come.
2.	Salah	:	It was her at the door.
	Benar	:	It was she at the door
3.	Salah	:	It is him whom they want to talk to.
	Benar	:	It is he whom they want to talk to.
4.	Salah	:	It was us who didn’t want to go.
	Benar	:	It was we who didn’t want to go.
5.	Salah	:	It is them shouting.
	Benar	:	It is they shouting.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

It was ___ who had made me upset.
1. him
2. he
3. his
4. himself
5. placeholder
It is ___ who call this a moral solution.
1. them
2. they
3. theirs
4. their
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It is
(A) him
who
(B) believes
he does not have a problem
(C) which
should be
(D) most
concerned.
(E) placeholder
It is
(A) her
who continues
(B) to act
as
(C) a
spokesperson for gynecological cancer
(D) awareness
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 20

Chapter 2

reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another

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‘reciprocal pronouns’ digunakan untuk subjek jamak. Objek kalimat menunjuk pada orang atau benda yang sama dan saling memberikan manfaat. ‘reciprocal pronouns’ adalah each other dan one another dan masing-masing diterjemahkan menjadi saling dan satu sama lain.

Contoh:

(a)	They love each other.
(b)	You are not allowed to help each other on tests.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	They always look at to each other in the classroom.
	Benar	:	They always look at each other in the classroom.
2.	Salah	:	They are always wearing each one another’s clothes.
	Benar	:	They are always wearing each other’s clothes.
	Benar	:	They are always wearing one another’s clothes.
3.	Salah	:	They were made for each the other.
	Benar	:	They were made for each other.
4.	Salah	:	Why do you always hurt each another?
	Benar	:	Why do you always hurt each other?
	Benar	:	Why do you always hurt one another?
5.	Salah	:	They are blaming one to the other.
	Benar	:	They are blaming each other.
	Benar	:	They are blaming one another.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

While currencies of most countries float in value againts ___, those of many developing countries are pegged to one of the major currencies such as the U.S. dollar.
1. each and other
2. one another
3. one the other
4. each another
5. placeholder
Fathers and sons often have difficulty talking to ___ and need learn how to converse.
1. one and another
2. one and other
3. each other
4. each another
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

They sat up
(A) slowly
, breathed again and looked at
(B) one and another
with
(C) a
kind of
(D) guilt
.
(E) placeholder
(A) Courtship
begins when two people of opposite sex
(B) limit
their
(C) dating
to
(D) one other
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 3 4 Units

Tenses

Unit 21

Chapter 3

tenses based on time indicators

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‘tense’ dalam kalimat tergantung pada time indicator dalam kalimat itu sendiri, terutama pada kalimat yang tidak memiliki konteks cerita (kalimat lepas).

Indikator waktu:

(1)	the simple present tense:
	Time indicators: every day, every year, every week
	→	They work every day.
(2)	the simple past tense:
	Time indicators: last night, yesterday, ago, in (year, month), for
	→	He came to see us last night.
(3)	the present perfect tense:
	Time indicators: since, for, recently, during, so far, up to now, until now, lately, just, to this day, in recent years, already, yet
	→	I have known her since five years ago.
(4)	the present continuous tense:
	Time indicators: now, at the moment, at present
	→	The children are playing outside now.
(5)	the future tense:
	Time indicators: tomorrow, next week, next month
	→	John will leave for London tomorrow.
(6)	the present perfect continuous tense:
	Time indicators: all day long, all day yesterday, all night long, for
	→	She has been sleeping all day long.
(7)	the past continuous tense:
	Time indicators: at two o’clock yesterday, at three o’clock this afternoon, all day yesterday.
	→	She was sleeping at two o’clock yesterday.
(8)	the past perfect tense:
	Time indicators: before + the simple past tense
	→	He had done it long before you came.
(9)	the past perfect continuous tense:
	for a period of time + before + the simple past tense
	→	He had been working for ten years before he got married.
	the simple past tense + after + the past perfect continuous tense + for a period of time
	→	He had done it long before you came.

Contoh:

(a)	She has been married for twenty-five years.
(b)	He did not come yesterday.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	There are more than a thousand people at the party last night.
	Benar	:	There were more than a thousand people at the party last night.
2.	Salah	:	George left for Singapore tomorrow.
	Benar	:	George will leave for Singapore tomorrow.
	Benar	:	George is going to leave for Singapore tomorrow.
	Benar	:	George is leaving for Singapore tomorrow.
			(the present continuous tense for future)
	Benar	:	George leaves for Singapore tomorrow.
			(the simple present tense for future)
3.	Salah	:	He studied hard all day long.
	Benar	:	He has been studying hard all day long.
4.	Salah	:	She was talking to the deputy principal now.
	Benar	:	She is talking to the deputy principal now.
5.	Salah	:	I am watching TV at two o’clock yesterday.
	Benar	:	I was watching TV at two o’clock yesterday.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Before she died, Barbara Cartland ___ 620 books and sold 700 million copies.
1. was producing
2. has produced
3. produce
4. had produced
5. placeholder
On September 9, 1995 Sony ___ to North America a game console that revolutionized home game entertaiment.
1. introduced
2. introduces
3. is introducing
4. has introduced
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

If your friend is using up all your energy but
(A) ignoring
your advice, she
(B) was
categorized
(C) as
a help-rejecting
(D) complainer
.
(E) placeholder
They
(A) are arguing
for
(B) weeks
about
(C) forming

(D) a
clean goverment.
(E) placeholder

Unit 22

Chapter 3

sequence of tenses

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‘sequence of tenses’ adalah urutan waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa. Urutan waktu terjadinya suatu peristiwa harus masuk akal.

Contoh:

(a)	We are looking for a man who can fix this machine. (present-present)
(b)	Do you know that he killed the snake? (present-past)
(c)	He hung up and left. (past-past)
(d)	He was working when I called. (past-past)

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop, doesn’t know anything about the cosmetics industry when she first opened her first store in Brighton, England.
	Benar	:	Anita Roddick, founder of The Body Shop, didn’t know anything about the cosmetics industry when she first opened her first store in Brighton, England.
2.	Salah	:	Who is the most ambitious person you knew?
	Benar	:	Who is the most ambitious person you know?
3.	Salah	:	Today television is a communications system that linked the far corners of the globe.
	Benar	:	Today television is a communications system that links the far corners of the globe.
4.	Salah	:	They were talking about him when he suddenly appears.
	Benar	:	They were talking about him when he suddenly appeared.
5.	Salah	:	He looked everywhere to see if his parents will return.
	Benar	:	He looked everywhere to see if his parents had returned.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Personnel policies will generate a learning environtment where continuous self-development by each member of the team ___ a reality.
1. becomes
2. become
3. became
4. would become
5. placeholder
He believed that in order to achieve success in life, he ___ doubly hard.
1. would have to work
2. will have to work
3. has to work
4. works
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

After the invention of the telephone in
(A) the 1870s
, scientists began to wonder if
(B) pictures
, like sound,
(C) can be
transmitted
(D) through
air.
(E) placeholder
'Top management'
(A) means
one individual or a small group of people, owners or professionals,
(B) whose
prime responsibility
(C) was
to ensure that the organization remains profitable and
(D) growth-oriented
for future years.
(E) placeholder

Unit 23

Chapter 3

the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense with 'since' and 'for'

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‘the present perfect tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan atau keadaan yang mulai terjadi di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Berlangsungnya kejadian atau keadaan tersebut dapat berlangsung secara terus-menerus atau ada tenggang waktu istirahat. Hasil dari kejadian tersebut masih relevan sampai sekarang, dan kejadian tersebut masih dapat diulangi di masa yang akan datang.
Konstruksi dari the present perfect tense adalah:
subject + has/have + past participle

Contoh:

(a)	I haven’t eaten anything since this morning.
(b)	She has known me since five years ago.
(c)	He has worked on it for two hours.

‘since’ digunakan untuk menunjukkan titik waktu mulainya suatu kegiatan atau keadaan (the starting point of time), sedangkan for digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu periode waktu sampai sekarang (a quantity of time).
‘the present perfect continuous tense’ digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sudah berlangsung dan masih sedang berlangsung pada saat dibicarakan atau kejadian yang baru saja berakhir.

Contoh:

(a)	We have been studying for twenty minutes. (kejadian masih sedang berlangsung)
(b)	He has been exercising. He looks tired. (kejadian baru saja berakhir)

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	I know her since ten years ago.
	Benar	:	I have known her for ten years.
2.	Salah	:	They live here for twenty years.
	Benar	:	They have lived here for twenty years.
	Benar	:	They have been living here for twenty years.
3.	Salah	:	He has walking in the rain. He is wet through.
	Benar	:	He has been walking in the rain. He is wet through.
4.	Salah	:	He has learning English for the last two months.
	Benar	:	He has been learning English for the last two months.
5.	Salah	:	She types more than 6,000 postcards since she began her campaign.
	Benar	:	She has typed more than 6,000 postcards since she began her campaign.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The importance of holidays ___ spectacularly in recent years.
1. is growing
2. has grown
3. grew
4. wil grow
5. placeholder
He lives in a small house now as he ___ financial trouble.
1. has been having
2. was having
3. had
4. will have
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

According
(A) to
the latest report from the International Diabetes Federation, the
(B) number
of diabetes mellitus patients in the world
(C) reaches
alarming
(D) levels
.
(E) placeholder
The
(A) cost
of living
(B) is going
up
(C) steadily
since the new goverment
(D) was
in power.
(E) placeholder

Unit 24

Chapter 3

questions with auxiliary verbs 'does - do - did

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‘the simple present tense’ dengan kata kerja utama menggunakan kata kerja bantu do dan does untuk bertanya, sedangkan the simple past tense menggunakan kata kerja bantu did untuk bertanya. Dalam kalimat the simple present tense, does digunakan untuk subyek orang ketiga tunggal, yaitu he, she, it sedangkan do untuk subyek I, you, we dan they. Kita menggunakan kata kerja infinitive dalam kalimat tanya, bukan verb + s.

Contoh:

(a)	the simple present tense [subject + verb (infinitive) + s]
	Positif	:	He works.
	Question	:	Does he work?
(b)	the simple present tense [subject + verb (infinitive)
	Positif	:	They work.
	Question	:	Do they work?
(c)	the simple past tense [subject + verb (the past tense)]
	Positif	:	He worked.
	Question	:	Did he work?

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Do anybody knows who took my money?
	Benar	:	Does anybody know who took my money?
2.	Salah	:	Does you eat yet?
	Benar	:	Did you eat yet?
3.	Salah	:	Does you understand what I am talking about?
	Benar	:	Do you understand what I am talking about?
4.	Salah	:	Do the letter you write represent you and your organization?
	Benar	:	Does the letter you write represent you and your organization?
5.	Salah	:	Does short messages takes less time to keyboard and less time to read?
	Benar	:	Do short messages take less time to keyboard and less time to read?

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

When the fighting is over, ___ the person who is your sibling?
1. do you love
2. did you love
3. does you love
4. you love
5. placeholder
In this age, ___ for two adults in love?
1. does age still matters
2. do age still matter
3. did age still matter
4. does age stilll matter
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) As
a young manager
(B) how you manage

(C) more mature
employees who may be resistant
(D) not to change
?
(E) placeholder
Why
(A) do
one product stay on the shelf,
(B) while

(C) another
has
(D) hundreds
of thousands of devotees?
(E) placeholder

Chapter 4 7 Units

Adjectives

Unit 25

Chapter 4

adjectives + preposition

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‘adjective’ + preposition adalah kata sifat yang diikuti oleh preposisi tertentu. Dengan kata lain, adjective tersebut mempunyai preposisi tertentu yang mengikutinya jika kalimat yang digunakan mempunyai obyek.

Contoh:

(a)	He is tired of doing this.
(b)	She is worried about me.
(c)	I am interested in music.

CATATAN:

(a)	Jika kalimat tidak mempunyai obyek, kita dapat mengatakan He is tired, She is worried, I am interested.
(b)	Sesudah preposisi, kita selalu menempatkan noun phrase (sebagai obyek) sesuai dengan definisi preposisi, yaitu kata-kata seperti of, in, on, at yang digunakan dengan kata benda dan ditempatkan di depan kata benda.
(c)	Beberapa contoh adjective + preposisi: bored with, accustomed to, disappointed with or in, worried about, (un)happy about, in favor of, surprised at, excited about, jealous of, afraid of, conducive to, resistant to, suited to/for, interested in, liable for, familiar with

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Not to be asked for a date may make a girl jealous with another.
	Benar	:	Not to be asked for a date may make a girl jealous of another.
2.	Salah	:	At all times, both mates should be aware with the fact that a quarrel is only one means of getting relief from tension.
	Benar	:	At all times, both mates should be aware of the fact that a quarrel is only one means of getting relief from tension.
3.	Salah	:	Jealousy is an unpleasant feeling or attitude which arises whenever a person is afraid from losing or has lost something to someone else.
	Benar	:	Jealousy is an unpleasant feeling or attitude which arises whenever a person is afraid of losing or has lost something to someone else.
4.	Salah	:	Pleasant emotions hold a relationship together and are conducive toward happiness.
	Benar	:	Pleasant emotions hold a relationship together and are conducive to happiness.
5.	Salah	:	Many gynecologists and obstetricians are familiar by the great effort made by many women to have children.
	Benar	:	Many gynecologists and obstetricians are familiar with the great effort made by many women to have children.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The people who are not increasing their weight have something special; they are ___ obesity.
1. resistant from
2. resistant of
3. resistant for
4. resistant to
5. placeholder
Basically, the new excercise forms, Power Yoga, Thai Yoga, Power Gym and Yoga Gym, are ___ all age groups.
1. suited to
2. suited of
3. suited in
4. suited with
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Based
on research,
(B) first-born
children are authoritarian conformists,
(C) assiduously

(D) interested with
preserving the status quo.
(E) placeholder
Anyone who
(A) deliberately
helps a
(B) terror
suspect is
(C) liable of
of
(D) a maximum penalty
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 26

Chapter 4

late, fast, hard as adjectives and adverbs

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Kata-kata late (terlambat), fast (cepat; dengan cepat) dan hard (keras; dengan keras) dapat berfungsi baik sebagai adjective maupun adverb of manner. Jangan gunakan fastly. ‘lately’ mempunyai arti recently (baru-baru ini), sedangkan hardly mempunyai arti almost not (hampir tidak).

Contoh:

(1)	late, fast, hard sebagai adjective
	subject + be + (a) adjective + noun
	(a)	He is a late comer.
	(b)	They are fast speakers.
	(c)	She is a hard worker.

(2)	late, fast, hard sebagai adverb
	subject + verb + adverb
	(a)	He came late.
	(b)	They speak fast.
	(c)	She works hard.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He speaks very fastly and clearly.
	Benar	:	He speaks very fast and clearly.
2.	Salah	:	She often hands in her homework lately.
	Benar	:	She often hands in her homework late.
3.	Salah	:	Having fun after working hardly is one way of enjoying life.
	Benar	:	Having fun after working hard is one way of enjoying life.
4.	Salah	:	Negotiating a new relationship is hardly enough.
	Benar	:	Negotiating a new relationship is hard enough.
5.	Salah	:	She is a fastly learner.
	Benar	:	She is a fast learner.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Women ___ while men stutter more.
1. tend to talk fast
2. tend to talk fastly
3. tend talk fast
4. tend to talking fast
5. placeholder
They ___ still couldn't earn enough.
1. worked more hard and
2. worked hardly but
3. worked hard but
4. worked hardly and
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) It is

(B) hardly
for a child to meet a stranger
(C) who
is going to be
(D) his or her
stepmother.
(E) placeholder
(A) Coming

(B) lately
is one of the root of
(C) failure
as I have proved it
(D) true
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 27

Chapter 4

the past participles and the present participles as adjectives

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‘past participles’ dan ‘present participles’ dapat digunakan sebagai adjectives dan menerangkan kata benda (noun). Kebanyakan ‘past participles’ yang berhubungan dengan perasaan digunakan untuk menerangkan makhluk hidup, sedangkan ‘present participle’ digunakan untuk menerangkan makhluk hidup dan benda mati.
‘past participles’ adalah: confused, disappointed, excited, surprised
‘present participles’ adalah: confusing, disappointing, exciting, surprising

Contoh:

(a)	The boy is surprised because the news is surprising.
(b)	I am confused because the lecture is confusing.
(c)	He is a concerned doctor.
(d)	It is an entertaining show.
(e)	Your room is really disorganized.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	It can be a confused model.
	Benar	:	It can be a confusing model.
2.	Salah	:	They were all surprising at the results.
	Benar	:	They were all surprised at the results.
3.	Salah	:	One must have an excited experience in his or her life.
	Benar	:	One must have an exciting experience in his or her life.
4.	Salah	:	What a disorganizing desk.
	Benar	:	What a disorganized desk.
5.	Salah	:	Having a glass of refreshed fruit juice a day can make you look younger.
	Benar	:	Having a glass of refreshing fruit juice a day can make you look younger.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If you exercise, you will feel better in your body and begin to dress in a ___ way.
1. flattered
2. flattering
3. flattering of
4. flatter
5. placeholder
The biggest cause of ___ is low self-esteem.
1. diminished self-belief
2. diminish self-belief
3. diminishing self-belief
4. diminished of self belief
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Custom
duty,
(B) introduced
in England during the reign of King John, is one of the oldest
(C) forms
of tax on
(D) importing
goods.
(E) placeholder
Those
(A) confusing
students
(B) kept
on
(C) asking
the teacher
(D) questions
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 28

Chapter 4

enough + adjective/adverb + to infinitive

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‘enough’ ditempatkan setelah kata sifat untuk menyatakan sesuatu itu cukup sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.

(1) Contoh penggunaan enough dengan adjective.

(1.1)	Subjek dari kalimat pertama sama dengan subjek dari kalimat kedua.
	Contoh:
	(a)	She is old. She can make her own decision.
		She is old enough to make her own decision.
	(b)	He is tall. He can be a basketball player.
		He is tall enough to be a basketball player.

(1.2)	Subjek dari kalimat pertama adalah obyek dari kalimat kedua.
	Contoh:
	(a)	It is cold. I can drink it.
		It is cold enough to drink.
		It is cold enough for me to drink (it).
	(b)	The exercise was easy. The students could do it.
		The exercise was easy enough to do.
		The exercise was easy enough for us to do (it).

(2) Contoh penggunaan enough dengan adverb.

(2.1)	Subjek dari kalimat pertama sama dengan subjek dari kalimat kedua.
	Contoh:
	(a)	We arrived early. We could catch the bus.
		We arrived early enough to catch the bus.
	(b)	They work hard. They can be successful.
		They work hard enough to be successful.

(2.2)	Subjek dari kalimat pertama adalah objek dari kalimat kedua.
	Contoh:
	(a)	We registered early. They could accept us.
		We registered early enough for them to accept (us).
	(b)	The teacher spoke slowly. The students could understand him.
		The teacher spoke slowly enough for the students to understand (him).

CATATAN:
‘enough’ mempunyai arti yang positif karena hal yang disebut sesuai dengan yang diharapkan, maka pekerjaan itu dapat dilaksanakan kecuali dalam kalimat negatif.

Contoh:

(1)	John was not fast enough to win the race. He could not win the race.
(2)	The room was not big enough for us to sleep in. We could not sleep in the room.
(3)	‘enough’ dapat juga diikuti oleh for + noun phrase atau juga tidak diikuti oleh apa pun
	Contoh:
	(a)	Sentences for criminals are tough enough at present.
	(b)	The computer is not good enough for professional use.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	But whether such differences in fact exist, and how important they may be, are very much open questions, questions often pursued, curious enough by husband-and-wife research teams.
	Benar	:	But whether such differences in fact exist, and how important they may be, are very much open questions, questions often pursued, curiously enough by husband-and-wife research teams.
2.	Salah	:	As soon enough a young gorilla was helping the mother groom the babies.
	Benar	:	Soon enough a young gorilla was helping the mother groom the babies.
3.	Salah	:	If they stay enough long, they can see the slums and the poor in this city.
	Benar	:	If they stay long enough, they can see the slums and the poor in this city.
4.	Salah	:	The four blocks built in the 1970s are no longer sturdy enough as to support daily market activities and could collapse at any time.
	Benar	:	The four blocks built in the 1970s are no longer sturdy enough to support daily market activities and could collapse at any time.
5.	Salah	:	The exhibition is a good way to gauge the public’s opinion on journalists and to find out whether the journalists are mature enough for accept criticism.
	Benar	:	The exhibition is a good way to gauge the public’s opinion on journalists and to find out whether the journalists are mature enough to accept criticism.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The middle class in the country is miniscule but is growing ___ support the proliferation of the hypermarkets.
1. significant enough to
2. significantly enough to
3. enough significantly to
4. significantly enough for
5. placeholder
Those ___ be relatively affluent also fare better in intellectual function, perhaps because money can buy the intellectually stimulating things like travel.
1. lucky enough for
2. lucky enough to
3. enough lucky to
4. lucky enough as to
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) The
temporary artificial heart is
(B) intended to
help
(C) keep
patients alive
(D) enough long
for a heart transplant.
(E) placeholder
The
(A) hearing
aids
(B) are
the size of
(C) an aspirin
and television cameras small
(D) enough as to
be attached to the surgeon's head to give medical students a close-up view of an operation.
(E) placeholder

Unit 29

Chapter 4

compound adjectives using numbers

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‘compound adjectives’ terdiri dari beberapa kata yang digabung dengan menggunakan hyphen (-) dan digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda. Khusus hyphenated adjective yang berhubungan dengan waktu, kita dapat menggunakan apostrophe s (’s), dapat juga tidak.

Contoh:

(a)	A twenty-year-old father is still young.
(b)	A two-hour lecture or two hours’ lecture is too long.
(c)	An eight-wheel truck must be very big.

CATATAN:
Pemakaian ’s tidak menggunakan hypen (-).
Contoh:

(a)	a two days’ trip atau a two-day trip
(b)	a three weeks’ vacation atau a three-week vacation

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	An eight-hours sleep a day is recommended.
	Benar	:	An eight-hour sleep a day is recommended.
	Benar	:	An eight hours’ sleep a day is recommended.
2.	Salah	:	It is a three-days journey.
	Benar	:	It is a three-day journey.
	Benar	:	It is a three days’ journey.
3.	Salah	:	Please write a two-hundred-words story.
	Benar	:	Please write a two-hundred-word story.
4.	Salah	:	Do you have change for a fifty-dollars bill?
	Benar	:	Do you have change for a fifty-dollar bill?
5.	Salah	:	Seventeen-years-old boys and girls are considered as responsible adults.
	Benar	:	Seventeen-year-old boys and girls are considered as responsible adults.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Who knows what we will be able to do ___?
1. in twenty years' time
2. in twenty-years time
3. on twenty years' time
4. on twenty years time
5. placeholder
What are the advantages and disadvantages of attending a ___?
1. single-sex school
2. single-sexes school
3. single-sex schools
4. single-sex's school
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The advantages of
(A) twenty-four-hours
access to you money is very important,
(B) especially
if you
(C) are racing
for
(D) the airport
at six in the morning.
(E) placeholder
(A) Improved
economic condtions
(B) have made
the traditional
(C) three-generations
family home
(D) increasingly
rare.
(E) placeholder

Unit 30

Chapter 4

possesive adjective + verb + ing (gerund)

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‘possessive adjectives’ dapat ditempatkan di depan verb + ing. ‘possessive adjectives’ adalah my, your, her, his, its, our, their. ‘object pronouns’ seperti me, you, her, him, it, us dan them dapat juga ditempatkan di depan verb +ing (gerund), tetapi dalam TOEFL hal ini akan dianggap salah.

Contoh:

(a)	I really appreciate your understanding me
(b)	We agree entirely with his reporting this to the director.

Contoh penggunaan verb + ing yang ditempatkan setelah object pronoun.

(a)	I really appreciate you understanding me.
(b)	We agree entirely with him reporting to the director.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He enjoys you accompanying him.
	Benar	:	He enjoys your accompanying him.
2.	Salah	:	He didn’t agree to me leaving for Europe.
	Benar	:	He didn’t agree to my leaving for Europe.
3.	Salah	:	She likes him talking to her politely.
	Benar	:	She likes his talking to her politely.
4.	Salah	:	They discussed me resigning from the company.
	Benar	:	They discussed my resigning from the company.
5.	Salah	:	She is not happy with she having to pay an entrance fee of $10.
	Benar	:	She is not happy with her having to pay an entrance fee of $10.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Most of the 340 genes involved in weight control increase the likelihood of ___, but there are actually genes that protect against being fat.
1. been fat
2. your been fat
3. your be fat
4. your being fat
5. placeholder
___ early on the morning of August seventh which was confirmed by his wife was his alibi.
1. Him coming home
2. His coming home
3. His come home
4. He comes home
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Gibbons,
(A) which
are arboreal apes indigenous
(B) to
Southeast Asia, are characterized by
(C) them acrobatic swinging
through treetops, and are known
(D) for
their territorial vocalization or song.
(E) placeholder
(A) He
signing of the contract
(B) has eased

(C) worries

(D) regarding
the future of the project.
(E) placeholder

Unit 31

Chapter 4

'verb + ing' and 'verb + ed' phrases (participle phrases) as modifiers of nouns

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‘verb + ing’ dan verb + ed (past participle) phrases dapat menerangkan kata benda dan ditempatkan di depan kata benda yang diterangkan.

Contoh:

(1)	‘verb + ing’ phrases / present participle phrases
	(a)	After thinking about it carefully, he finally agreed.
	(b)	Crying loudly, the boy threw a stone at his friend.

(2)	‘verb + ed’ phrases / past participle phrases
	(a)	Thought to be a thief, he was taken to the police station.
	(b)	Asked to do it again, he was upset.

‘verb + ing’ atau verb + ed phrase harus digunakan untuk menerangkan kata benda sebagai subyek dari main clause, bukan sebagai obyek dari main clause.
Jadi kita tidak dapat mengatakan:

(a)	After thinking about it carefully, it was agreed by him
(b)	Thought to be a thief, the policeman took him to the police station.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Advised by his doctor to stop smoking, every effort is made to do so by the patient.
	Benar	:	Advised by his doctor to stop smoking, the patient made every effort to do so.
2.	Salah	:	Warned of the enemy’s approaching attack, all his men were instructed by the general to be ready.
	Benar	:	Warned of the enemy’s approaching attack, the general instructed his men to be ready.
3.	Salah	:	Swimming too far from the shore, the lifeguards ordered the boys back.
	Benar	:	Swimming too far from the shore, the boys were ordered back by the lifeguards.
4.	Salah	:	Being crowded in the car, the trip was uncomfortable.
	Benar	:	Being crowded in the car, we were uncomfortable.
5.	Salah	:	After preparing thoroughly, the exam was not difficult for me.
	Benar	:	After preparing thoroughly, I have no difficulty doing the exam.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

___, applied to wounds, honey helps stimulate white blood to promote healing.
1. Long thinking of as a gift from the gods
2. Long thought of as a gift from the gods
3. Long think of as a gift from the gods
4. It long thought of as a gift from the gods
5. placeholder
___ its surf beaches, Bali is now the health spa capital of South-East Asia.
1. Best know for
2. Best knew for
3. Best known for
4. Best knowing for
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Be
large organizations, department stores and supermarkets can rent
(B) the best
shops, provide
(C) a wide selection
of goods and advertise
(D) effectively
.
(E) placeholder
(A) Kill
prey
(B) using
constriction, boa constrictors grow to
(C) four meters
long and come from
(D) tropical
forests in Central and South America.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 5 12 Units

Adverbs

Unit 32

Chapter 5

adverbs of manner

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Unit 33

Chapter 5

adverbs modifying adjectives

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Unit 34

Chapter 5

sometime, sometimes, and some time

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Unit 35

Chapter 5

no longer, not any longer, not anymore

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Unit 36

Chapter 5

'besides' and 'beside'

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Unit 37

Chapter 5

'instead' and 'instead of'

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Unit 38

Chapter 5

'very' versus 'too'

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Unit 39

Chapter 5

so + adjective/adverb + that clause

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Unit 40

Chapter 5

such + a + countable noun + that clause, so + adjective + a + countable noun + that clause

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Unit 41

Chapter 5

too + adjective + to infinitive

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Unit 42

Chapter 5

'such as' meaning for example

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Unit 43

Chapter 5

most (of the), all, almost all (of the)

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Chapter 6 2 Units

Articles

Unit 44

Chapter 6

the articles a' and 'an

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‘article’ a digunakan di depan kata atau frasa benda yang dapat dihitung yang dimulai dengan bunyi konsonan.
Contoh: a student, a book, a university, a school, a useful tool
Perhatikan bahwa walaupun kata atau frasa university dimulai dengan u, tetapi bunyi pertama dari kata atau frasa university adalah bunyi konsonan sehingga kita menggunakan article ‘a’.

‘article’ an digunakan di depan frasa benda yang dapat dihitung yang dimulai dengan bunyi vokal. Hal ini karena lebih mudah mengucapkan kata apple dengan menggunakan an daripada dengan a.
Contoh: an apple, an honor, an old man, an hour, an illegal business
Perhatikan bahwa walaupun kata honor dimulai dengan huruf h, tetapi bunyi pertama dari kata honor adalah bunyi vokal sehingga kita menggunakan article ‘an’. Huruf h yang tidak dibaca ini disebut the silent ‘h’.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	It is now possible for scientists to predict a earthquake.
	Benar	:	It is now possible for scientists to predict an earthquake.
2.	Salah	:	They generally see things with some optimism and an creative mind.
	Benar	:	They generally see things with some optimism and a creative mind.
3.	Salah	:	He has a active mind and a good personality.
	Benar	:	He has an active mind and a good personality.
4.	Salah	:	It’s a honor to be among wonderful people.
	Benar	:	It’s an honor to be among wonderful people.
5.	Salah	:	He suffers from an urinary infection.
	Benar	:	He suffers from a urinary infection.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Puppies kept awake of ____ are unable to survive more than ten days.
1. extended period of time
2. an extended period of time
3. a period extended of time
4. an period extended of time
5. placeholder
Most people who exited ____ were in a happy relationship three years later.
1. an unhappy relationship
2. a unhappy relationship
3. unhappy relationship
4. unhappy relationships
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Our commitment is
(A) to create
an organization which nurtures the talents and enterprise of our people,
(B) helping
them
(C) to grow
and find fulfillment in
(D) a open culture
.
(E) placeholder
If every
(A) individual's
contribution
(B) could
be increased on
(C) a ongoing basis
, the organization, in
(D) totality
, would continually reach higher level of excellence.
(E) placeholder

Unit 45

Chapter 6

zero article + plural countable or uncountable noun

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‘zero article’ + noun menyatakan suatu benda secara umum. ‘zero article’ dapat digunakan dengan uncountable noun dan plural countable noun. Kata benda tanpa article ini mempunyai arti semua benda tersebut (all).

Contoh:

(a)	Music is very popular all over the world.
(b)	Mathematics is the most difficult subject for children.
(c)	Sharks live in the ocean.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Stock are sold by the share, and some cost less than a dollar.
	Benar	:	Stocks are sold by the share, and some cost less than a dollar.
2.	Salah	:	You need the good judgment to be successful.
	Benar	:	You need good judgment to be successful.
3.	Salah	:	The children are usually lovely.
	Benar	:	Children are usually lovely.
4.	Salah	:	I am not opposed to the education.
	Benar	:	I am not opposed to education.
5.	Salah	:	A crop will grow, and the sun will shine.
	Benar	:	Crops will grow, and the sun will shine.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ is just one continuous struggle to feel good about ourselves.
1. Life
2. The life
3. Lives
4. A life
5. placeholder
What percentage of income goes to food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, transportation, amusement, insurance, taxes or ____?
1. saving
2. savings
3. the saving
4. the savings
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In the United States,
(A) giving
a bribe is tantamount to
(B) admitting
that your product cannot
(C) compete
without
(D) a help
.
(E) placeholder
(A) A simple barter
is a swap of
(B) one
product for
(C) another
product without
(D) the
use of money.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 7 7 Units

Agreement

Unit 46

Chapter 7

the agreement between modified subjects and verbs

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Kata benda yang sesungguhnya harus sesuai dengan kata kerja. Jika kata benda yang sesungguhnya adalah tunggal, maka kata kerja juga harus tunggal. Jika kata benda yang sesungguhnya adalah jamak, maka kata kerja harus jamak. Kata benda yang demikian biasanya diikuti oleh prepositional phrase, yaitu suatu frasa yang dimulai dengan preposisi.

(a)	The facilities at the hotel are not what we have been looking for.
(b)	The writing of all his books was done in the year 2000.
(c)	The good relationship between the two friends has given us an inspiration to write a book.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The study of languages are a must.
	Benar	:	The study of languages is a must.
2.	Salah	:	The effects of smoking is harmful.
	Benar	:	The effects of smoking are harmful.
3.	Salah	:	The quality of these products are bad.
	Benar	:	The quality of these products is bad.
4.	Salah	:	The typical weather patterns of an area over many years is called ‘climate’.
	Benar	:	The typical weather patterns of an area over many years are called ‘climate’.
5.	Salah	:	The drastic changes in our planet’s climate has played a big part in human evolution.
	Benar	:	The drastic changes in our planet’s climate have played a big part in human evolution.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The treatment of diseases with herbs and plants ____ herbalism.
1. calls
2. are called
3. called
4. is called
5. placeholder
Women of the mixed parentage ____: strong facial bones coupled with exotic coloring.
1. has best of both worlds
2. have best of both worlds
3. having best of both worlds
4. Bis having best of both worlds
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

A study
(A) done
by the Mayo Clinic in California
(B) have shown
that the
(C) non-snoring
partner wakes up an average of 20 times a night – which over time may develop into
(D) a sleeping disorder
..
(E) placeholder
(A) Office hours
for your skin
(B) begins
when
(C) the body
is in
(D) its
total resting phase – about four hours after you arrive in slumber land.
(E) placeholder

Unit 47

Chapter 7

the agreement between subject with accompaniment and verb

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Subyek yang sesungguhnyalah yang harus sesuai dengan kata kerja. Subyek yang menemani subyek sesungguhnya tidak diperhitungkan. Kata-kata yang digunakan untuk menemani subyek yang sesungguhnya adalah: with, accompanied by, along with, together with, including, as well as.

Contoh:

(a)	The mother, accompanied by her children, is leaving for her hometown.
(b)	The teacher, with his students, is protesting against the new regulation.
(c)	The manager, along with one of his staff, always stands at the door to welcome the first customers.
(d)	The boss, together with his staff, is celebrating his birthday.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The pen, together with the shoes, cost more than five dollars.
	Benar	:	The pen, together with the shoes, costs more than five dollars.
2.	Salah	:	The boy, including two other children, were injured in the accident.
	Benar	:	The boy, including two other children, was injured in the accident.
3.	Salah	:	The terrorist, along with three hostages, were killed.
	Benar	:	The terrorist, along with three hostages, was killed.
4.	Salah	:	The car, together with the key, have to be returned now.
	Benar	:	The car, together with the key, has to be returned now.
5.	Salah	:	John, as well as the other students, are invited to the farewell party.
	Benar	:	John, as well as the other students, is invited to the farewell party.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ Mr. White in the room, together with his friends.
1. There are
2. There is
3. There
4. There were
5. placeholder
The girl, accompanied by her parents, ____ an interview as to how it happened.
1. is giving
2. are giving
3. give
4. were giving
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Beta-carotene,
(A) together with
vitamins,
(B) work
to maintain high antioxidant
(C) activity
in
(D) the cells
..
(E) placeholder
The Federal Reserve Board
(A) in
Washington,
(B) together with
the 12 Federal Reserve Banks,
(C) constitute
the
(D) the American central bank
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 48

Chapter 7

the agreement between 'subject with appositive' and verb

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Subyek yang sesungguhnyalah yang harus sesuai dengan kata kerja. Kata benda apositif juga harus sesuai dengan subyek yang sesungguhnya. Jika subyek adalah tunggal, kata benda apositif dan kata kerja juga harus tunggal dan jika subyek adalah jamak, kata benda apositif dan kata kerja harus jamak.

Contoh:

(a)	This computer, a modern tool, is very useful.
(b)	The students, children under five, are very prone to illness.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The winner, John, major in architecture and is married with two children.
	Benar	:	The winner, John, majors in architecture and is married with two children.
2.	Salah	:	Several mistakes, fragments and run-ons, is to be avoided in writing.
	Benar	:	Several mistakes, fragments and run-ons, are to be avoided in writing.
3.	Salah	:	The memo, a means of communication, are written to employees of lower rank, equal rank or higher rank.
	Benar	:	The memo, a means of communication, is written to employees of lower rank, equal rank or higher rank.
4.	Salah	:	The suffix, a group of letters added to a word to change its meaning, are often used in writing.
	Benar	:	The suffix, a group of letters added to a word to change its meaning, is often used in writing.
5.	Salah	:	The traditional medicine, herbs and plants, are still used in our culture.
	Benar	:	The traditional medicine, herbs and plants, is still used in our culture.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Frog curry, a local delicacy, ____ familiar to most people.
1. are not
2. is not
3. were not
4. have not been
5. placeholder
Lignite, an inferior form of coal, ____ a prized mineral.
1. has become
2. have become
3. are becoming
4. were becoming
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The Social Security Fund,
(A) a
comprehensive compensation package,
(B) cover
sickness, maternity, disability, and death and
(C) its
benefits are expected
(D) to extend
to childcare, old age and unemployment.
(E) placeholder
Colostrum,
(A) the
first milk produced after birth,
(B) are
important
(C) for
nutrition, growth and
(D) immune
function.
(E) placeholder

Unit 49

Chapter 7

the agreement between 'there/here' and 'verb'

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‘there’ dan here digunakan di posisi subyek kalimat. Subyek yang sesungguhnya menyusul kemudian. Jika subyek (noun) yang menyusul kemudian adalah jamak (plural), kita menggunakan kata kerja jamak (plural verb), dan jika subyek (noun) yang menyusul adalah tunggal (singular), kita menggunakan kata kerja tunggal (singular verb).

Contoh:

(a)	There were only a few people at the party last night.
(b)	Is there a bus-stop nearby?
(c)	Here is your coffee.
(d)	Here are the books that you want to borrow.
(e)	There have been a few proposals on human rights.
(f)	There has been a strong objection to the proposal.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	There has been several ice ages followed by periods of warming.
	Benar	:	There have been several ice ages followed by periods of warming.
2.	Salah	:	There was heavy rains in the South.
	Benar	:	There were heavy rains in the South.
3.	Salah	:	There is similar agreements with communities in India, Mexico and Nepal.
	Benar	:	There are similar agreements with communities in India, Mexico and Nepal.
4.	Salah	:	Here are a sketch of the office.
	Benar	:	Here is a sketch of the office.
5.	Salah	:	Here are the pen that I said I would show you.
	Benar	:	Here is the pen that I said I would show you.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ some examples of things we have done and are still doing.
1. There is
2. Here are
3. Here is
4. There are
5. placeholder
____ in this type of business unit.
1. There is advantage
2. There is some advantages
3. There are some advantage
4. There are some advantages
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) There are
no reliable evidence that breast
(B) size
, implants or birth control pills
(C) increase
the risk of breast
(D) cancer
.
(E) placeholder
(A) There is
no magic foods that will
(B) undo
the
(C) harm
of
(D) smoking
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 50

Chapter 7

the agreement between indefinite subject and verb

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‘indefinite subject’ berikut memerlukan kata kerja tunggal (singular verb): anyone, anything, something, somebody, someone, anybody, everyone, everybody, everything, each, either, neither, no one, nothing, what, whatever, whoever.

Contoh:

(a)	Is there anyone you have met before?
(b)	Is there anything I can do for you?
(c)	Each student is to be given a pair of shoes.
(d)	Everyone who has the ticket will definitely get a seat.
(e)	No one is going to die here.
(f)	Neither the book nor the pen is going to be sold.
(g)	Whoever comes late will be punished.
(h)	What causes such an accident?

‘indefinite subject’ berikut dapat menggunakan kata kerja tunggal atau jamak tergantung dari konteks kalimat: all, any, some, the rest.

Contoh:

(a)	This one is good, but the rest are bad.
(b)	All (of them) are here.
(c)	All of it is good.
(d)	Some (chocolate) is good, and some is bad.
(e)	Some of them don’t like it.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Do you know someone who like fishing?
	Benar	:	Do you know someone who likes fishing?
2.	Salah	:	Everyone agree that cucumbers are a fruit.
	Benar	:	Everyone agrees that cucumbers are a fruit.
3.	Salah	:	No one like being criticized.
	Benar	:	No one likes being criticized.
4.	Salah	:	Nothing are going to change my love for music.
	Benar	:	Nothing is going to change my love for music.
5.	Salah	:	All (men) is equal.
	Benar	:	All (men) are equal.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The only ones responsible for the divorce ___ your parents.
1. are
2. is
3. be
4. are being
5. placeholder
Our economy is so big that it creates phenomenal opportunities for ___ use their muscle, brains and money to advance their financial well-being.
1. all who wants to
2. all who are wanting to
3. all who wanted to
4. all who want to
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Everybody
(A) require
vitamins and minerals to help transmit electrical impulses, lipids to repair cell
(B) membranes
and water to maintain the
(C) fluids
in which many of the chemical processes
(D) take
place.
(E) placeholder
A home interior is something
(A) intensely
personal that
(B) reflect
not only the
(C) owner's
character and lifestyle
(D) but also
taste and knowledge.
(E) placeholder

Unit 51

Chapter 7

subjects agree with possessive adjectives he â†’ his

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‘subjects’ harus menggunakan possessive adjectives yang sesuai.

Berikut adalah subject pronouns dan possessive adjectives yang digunakan berpasangan:

Subject Pronouns		Possessive Pronouns
I	→	my
you	→	your
he	→	his
she	→	her
it	→	its
we	→	our
you	→	your
they	→	their

Contoh:

(a)	The parents are reconsidering their decisions.
(b)	He has his own thinking.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	We seek dependable partnership with its customers.
	Benar	:	We seek dependable partnership with our customers.
2.	Salah	:	Grandparents can teach us a great deal because of his long experience of life.
	Benar	:	Grandparents can teach us a great deal because of their long experience of life.
3.	Salah	:	Shoppers can easily pay for his purchases.
	Benar	:	Shoppers can easily pay for their purchases.
4.	Salah	:	She has several salespersons working under their supervision.
	Benar	:	She has several salespersons working under her supervision.
5.	Salah	:	This concept of service enables the customers to choose his goods unhurriedly.
	Benar	:	This concept of service enables the customers to choose their goods unhurriedly.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Bangkok is legendary for ____ crisscross of canals and was once nicknamed “the Venice of the East”.
1. his
2. their
3. its
4. her
5. placeholder
Modern people are renowned for ____ restraint and relaxed, but subdued, behavior.
1. theirs
2. her
3. his
4. their
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Each adult female
(A) mosquito
can
(B) live
up to three weeks and
(C) lay
up to 700 eggs in
(D) their lifetime
.
(E) placeholder
Built-operate-transfer contracts let a concessionaire build a project and retain exclusive
(A) rights
to operate
(B) it
for a specific duration, while transferring
(C) their
ownership to
(D) the
government.
(E) placeholder

Unit 52

Chapter 7

subjects in agreement with appositive nouns

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Jika subyek dalam bentuk jamak, maka appositive nouns harus dalam bentuk jamak dan jika subyek dalam bentuk tunggal, maka appositive nouns harus dalam bentuk tunggal.

Contoh:

(a)	Mary, a pretty girl of seventeen, studies so hard that she was the best student at school.
(b)	The people of my hometown, mostly hard workers, are friendly and kind.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Weapons, knife and guns, are dangerous for children.
	Benar	:	Weapons, knives and guns, are dangerous for children.
2.	Salah	:	The lecture, one-hour sessions, will start in ten minutes.
	Benar	:	The lecture, a one-hour session, will start in ten minutes.
3.	Salah	:	Her boyfriend, graduates of Harvard, is thirty years old.
	Benar	:	Her boyfriend, a graduate of Harvard, is thirty years old
4.	Salah	:	A public company, companies with at least seven shareholders, can make public issues to raise capital.
	Benar	:	A public company, a company with at least seven shareholders, can make public issues to raise capital.
5.	Salah	:	The capital, a money described as wealth used to produce wealth, consists of machinery, tools, factory buildings, raw materials, partly finished goods and means of transport.
	Benar	:	The capital, money described as wealth used to produce wealth, consists of machinery, tools, factory buildings, raw materials, partly finished goods and means of transport.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

L’Oreal, ____, acquired Maybelline, a U.S. brand in 1996.
1. the French cosmetics giants
2. the French cosmetics giant
3. French cosmetics giant
4. French cosmetics giant
5. placeholder
Sarah Lee, ____, has 25,000 trademarks registered worldwide, 80% of which are in current use.
1. a U.S. Fortune 500 company
2. U.S. Fortune 500 company
3. U.S Fortune 500 companies
4. the U.S Fortune 500 companies
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Heinz,
(A) ones
of the leading canned soup brands in the United Kingdom,
(B) has
an 87
(C) percent
share of the private label soup
(D) market
in the United States.
(E) placeholder
In
(A) Chinese medicine
, acupuncture,
(B) form
of physical therapy,
(C) is
used
(D) as an adjunct
to herbology.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 8 5 Units

Causative Verbs

Unit 53

Chapter 8

causative verb 'make

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‘causative verbs’ adalah kata kerja yang menyatakan sebab. Dalam kalimat causative subyek kalimat menyebabkan orang atau sesuatu melakukan suatu pekerjaan. Kata-kata yang demikian adalah make, get, have, help, let.

Konstruksi kalimat dengan causative ‘make’ adalah:
make + someone/something + infinitive:

(a)	My father made me do it.
(b)	I made the machine run.

Examples:

Salah	:	Don’t make me to do it
Salah	:	Don’t make me doing it.
Salah	:	Don’t make me did it.
Salah	:	Don’t make me to did it.
Benar	:	Don’t make me do it.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He ___ the dishes
1. made her prepare dinner and wash
2. made her preparing dinner and wash
3. made her prepared dinner and wash
4. made her to prepared dinner and washed
5. placeholder
I can't make this car ___.
1. start
2. starts
3. started
4. to start
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Drinking
too
(B) much
water can make you
(C) feeling
as
(D) unhealthy
as drinking too little water.
(E) placeholder
Can
(A) anyone
explain
(B) what
makes
(C) the earthquake

(D) happened
?
(E) placeholder

Unit 54

Chapter 8

causative 'have

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‘have’ adalah kata kerja yang dapat digunakan untuk menyebabkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu.

Contoh:

(1)	have + someone + infinitive
	(a)	The lecturer had us do our exercise.
	(b)	The manager had his secretary type the letter.

(2)	have + something + past participle
	(a)	I have my car repaired.
	(b)	I have my hair cut.

(3)	have + somebody + present participle
	(a)	The film soon had us crying.
	(b)	The mechanic soon had the machine working again.

(4)	have + somebody + adjective
	(a)	The news had me nervous.
	(b)	His lecture had me mixed up.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The man had the mechanic fixes his car.
	Salah	:	The man had the mechanic fixed his car.
	Salah	:	The man had the mechanic be fixed the car.
	Salah	:	The man had the mechanic to fix the car.
	Benar	:	The man had the mechanic fix the car.
2.	Salah	:	He had the wills changing.
	Salah	:	He had the wills change.
	Salah	:	He had the wills changes.
	Salah	:	He had the wills be changed.
	Salah	:	He had the wills to change.
	Salah	:	He had the wills to be changed.
	Benar	:	He had the wills changed.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

His behavior ___.
1. had his mother frustrate
2. had his mother frustrated
3. had his mother been frustrated
4. had his mother being frustrated
5. placeholder
I will ___.
1. have all the furniture thrown away
2. have all the furniture be thrown away
3. have all the furniture threw away
4. have all the furniture to be thrown away
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The
(A) defense
lawyer said that
(B) the child's behavior

(C) had
his mother
(D) agitate
.
(E) placeholder
He
(A) had
his name
(B) being printed
in the books which were
(C) sold

(D) worldwide
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 55

Chapter 8

causative 'get

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‘causative’ get mempunyai arti menyebabkan seseorang atau sesuatu melakukan sesuatu.

Contoh:

(1)	get + someone + to + infinitive
	I will get him to do it.

(2)	get + someone/something + verb + ing
	(a)	I will get the car going.
	(b)	I will get him doing his homework.

(3)	get + (someone/something) + adjective/past participle
	(a)	I will get him ready/dressed.
	(b)	I will get the car repaired.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	We will get John fixes the machine.
	Salah	:	We will get John fixed the machine.
	Salah	:	We will get John be fixed the machine.
	Salah	:	We will get John fix the machine.
	Benar	:	We will get John to fix the machine.
2.	Salah	:	We don’t want to get trapping.
	Salah	:	We don’t want to get trap.
	Salah	:	We don’t want to get to trap.
	Salah	:	We don’t want to get be trapped.
	Benar	:	We don’t want to get trapped.
3.	Salah	:	We will get the gate be painted.
	Salah	:	We will get the gate pain.
	Salah	:	We will get the gate paints.
	Salah	:	We will get the gate painting.
	Benar	:	We will get the gate painted.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Let’s get it ____ immediately.
1. do
2. done
3. did
4. doing
5. placeholder
Would you please get the office boy ___ a copy of this.
1. making
2. to make
3. made
4. makes
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) In order to
minimize the punishment, the defense
(B) has
to get all
(C) evidence

(D) present
in court..
(E) placeholder
He
(A) eventually
got
(B) the police

(C) disperse
the demonstrators just a few moments before the Prime Minister
(D) arrived
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 56

Chapter 8

causative 'let'

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‘let’ dapat juga digunakan sebagai causative verb. ‘let’ ini mempunyai konstruksi: ‘let’ + someone/something + infinitive

Contoh:

(1)	let + someone + infinitive
	(a)	My mother lets me go hiking.
	(b)	He lets me borrow his pen.

(2)	let + something + infinitive
	(a)	You need to let the machine cool (down) before you can use it again.
	(b)	We can’t let it stop as it takes a long time to reheat it.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He will never let anybody borrowed his things.
	Benar	:	He will never let anybody borrow his things.
2.	Salah	:	He lets conflicts to arise in his company.
	Benar	:	He lets conflicts arise in his company.
3.	Salah	:	Please let me going.
	Benar	:	Please let me go.
4.	Salah	:	Don’t let it escapes.
	Benar	:	Don’t let it escape.
5.	Salah	:	Her mother will not let her staying late.
	Benar	:	Her mother will not let her stay late.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Don't let him ___ advantage of you.
1. take
2. took
3. takes
4. taking
5. placeholder
I won't let such things ___me.
1. bothered
2. bother
3. bothering
4. to bother
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Do you
(A) know
why most
(B) countries
will not
(C) let
the tourists
(D) to stay
more than three months?
(E) placeholder
Let it
(A) rests
for a while before we make it
(B) perform
one more
(C) time
on
(D) the stage
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 57

Chapter 8

causative 'help

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‘help’ juga dapat digunakan sebagai causative verb. ‘help’ digunakan dengan konstruksi: help + someone + (to) + infinitive. Perhatikan bahwa to adalah optional, yaitu dapat digunakan dapat juga tidak.

Contoh:
‘help’ + someone + (to) Infinitive

(a)	I help my mother (to) wash the dishes.
(b)	My brother helped me (to) do my homework.

Examples:

Salah	:	This book helps you understanding grammar.
Salah	:	This book helps you understood grammar.
Salah	:	This book helps you to understood grammar.
Salah	:	This book helps you to understanding grammar.
Benar	:	This book helps you (to) understand grammar.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

This book will help you ___ yourself grammar.
1. teaching
2. taught
3. to teach
4. be taught
5. placeholder
This security system will help us ___ any suspicious objects at an early stage.
1. detects
2. detecting
3. detected
4. detect
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In
(A) the year
2500 the computers will help students
(B) studying
at home without
(C) having
to go to
(D) school
for face-to-face meetings.
(E) placeholder
(A) No one
can help you
(B) succeding
in
(C) this
world of
(D) hardship
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 9 16 Units

Verbs

Unit 58

Chapter 9

know + something (expressing knowledge), know how to + infinitive (expressing ability)

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Unit 59

Chapter 9

need + verb + ing, need to be + past participle

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Unit 60

Chapter 9

had hoped

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Unit 61

Chapter 9

transitive and intransitive verbs

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Unit 62

Chapter 9

verb + to + verb

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Unit 63

Chapter 9

verb + verb + ing

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Unit 64

Chapter 9

irregular past forms

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Unit 65

Chapter 9

verb + preposition + verb + ing

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Unit 66

Chapter 9

'say' and 'tell'

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Unit 67

Chapter 9

borrow and lend

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Unit 68

Chapter 9

'make' and 'do

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Unit 69

Chapter 9

verb + ing (gerund) as subject; to infinitive as subject

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Unit 70

Chapter 9

verb + adjective

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Unit 71

Chapter 9

verbs of perception + adjective

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Unit 72

Chapter 9

'verb + ing' and 'verb + ed' phrases (participle phrases) as modifiers

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Unit 73

Chapter 9

the + noun+of+ verb + ing

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Chapter 10 5 Units

Expressions of Quantity: a little, a few

Unit 74

Chapter 10

little, a few

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‘a little’ dan a few berkonotasi positif. ‘a little’ mempunyai arti sedikit dan digunakan dengan kata benda yang tak bisa dihitung (uncountable noun), sedangkan a few mempunyai arti beberapa dan digunakan dengan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung (plural countable noun). ‘little’ dan few berkonotasi negatif dengan arti yang sama, yaitu tidak banyak. ‘little’ digunakan dengan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun), sedangkan few digunakan dengan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung (countable plural noun).

Contoh:

(1)	a little + uncountable noun
	(a)	May I have a little rice, please?
	(b)	There is still a little milk in the fridge.

(2)	a few + plural countable noun
	(a)	I have a few good books?
	(b)	We made a few mistakes.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Give me a few money.
	Benar	:	Give me a little money.
2.	Salah	:	She does not speak much Chinese. She speaks a little Chinese.
	Benar	:	She does not speak much Chinese. She speaks little Chinese.
3.	Salah	:	There are a lot of accidents on the road, but accidents at work are a few.
	Benar	:	There are a lot of accidents on the road, but accidents at work are few.
4.	Salah	:	It is a tough business. A few people are successful.
	Benar	:	It is a tough business. Few people are successful.
5.	Salah	:	I will give you few suggestions.
	Benar	:	I will give you a few suggestions.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Whatever ____ I have is spent on watching television and catching up on sleep.
1. free little time
2. few free time
3. a few free time
4. little free time
5. placeholder
As with many complex situations in life, ____ goes a long way.
1. a few of shared understanding
2. little shared understanding
3. a few shared understanding
4. few shared understanding
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

One of the biggest
(A) problems
people
(B) with
a mental illness face is discrimination, ridicule, isolation and hostility
(C) from
a society that has
(D) a little
understanding of mental illness.
(E) placeholder
(A) Most of
us think that we understand
(B) how
metabolism works, but
(C) a few
of us actually
(D) do
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 75

Chapter 10

few and little

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‘few’ dan ‘little’ berkonotasi negatif. ‘few’ mempunyai arti tidak banyak dan digunakan dengan kata benda yang dapat dihitung (plural countable noun), sedangkan little mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu tidak banyak tetapi digunakan dengan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun).

Contoh:

(1)	few + plural countable noun
	(a)	She doesn’t have many good friends. She has few good friends.
	(b)	Few students fail in the examination.

(2)	little + uncountable noun
	(a)	I don’t have much money. I have little money.
	(b)	Little knowledge is gained from training.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	They have little friends.
	Benar	:	They have few friends.
2.	Salah	:	Little people know what is going on.
	Benar	:	Few people know what is going on.
3.	Salah	:	He has few knowledge of English.
	Benar	:	He has little knowledge of English.
4.	Salah	:	He gave me few advice.
	Benar	:	He gave me little advice.
5.	Salah	:	There is few information on that matter.
	Benar	:	There is little information on that matter.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

There are ____ which people spend little on.
1. few vegetables
2. little vegetables
3. a little vegetables
4. little of vegetables
5. placeholder
In Asian countries sweets abound, but they have ____ in common with Western-style candies.
1. little
2. few
3. a few
4. many
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Little
topics in international business
(B) have attracted
as
(C) much
attention and discussion in recent years
(D) as
intellectual rights.
(E) placeholder
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has
(A) few
or no legal
(B) recourse
trademarks
(C) used
by foreign companies
(D) outside
the United States.
(E) placeholder

Unit 76

Chapter 10

much and many

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‘many’ mempunyai arti banyak dan digunakan dengan kata benda jamak yang dapat dihitung (plural countable noun), sedangkan much mempunyai arti yang sama, yaitu ‘banyak’ dan digunakan dengan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung (uncountable noun).

Contoh:

(1)	many + plural countable noun
	(a)	I don’t have many dictionaries.
	(b)	Many students are good at English.

(2)	much + uncountable noun
	(a)	I don’t have much money.
	(b)	How much petrol is there in the tank?

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	There isn’t many news today.
	Benar	:	There isn’t much news today.
2.	Salah	:	How many is the price?
	Benar	:	How much is the price?
3.	Salah	:	This stage demands that you have much files, brochures and referrals.
	Benar	:	This stage demands that you have many files, brochures and referrals.
4.	Salah	:	Product information may take much forms.
	Benar	:	Product information may take many forms.
5.	Salah	:	Much banks target the commercial customers and use their branch network to service them.
	Benar	:	Many banks target the commercial customers and use their branch network to service them.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Due to low transit times, greater ease of unloading and distribution and higher predictability, ____ use airfreight.
1. many firms
2. much firms
3. lots firm
4. a lot firm
5. placeholder
___ which were coined by William Shakespeare are still in use today.
1. Many word and phrase
2. Many words and phrase
3. Much words and phrases
4. Many words and phrases
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It is a sad fact that
(A) much
children are
(B) employed
for long
(C) hours
making carpets or cigarettes or doing
(D) other
unskilled and repetitive tasks.
(E) placeholder
The rivers are
(A) too
shallow during the dry season and
(B) their
powerful currents during the rainy season do not provide
(C) many
animal life from
(D) flourishing
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 77

Chapter 10

only a few, only a little

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‘only’ hanya dikombinasikan dengan a few atau a little. ‘only’ tidak digunakan dengan few atau little. ‘only a few’ digunakan dengan plural countable noun, sedangkan only a little digunakan dengan uncountable noun.

Contoh:

(1)	only a few
	(a)	There are only a few people coming to the party.
	(b)	Only a few students failed in the test.

(2)	only a little
	(a)	We have only a little work to do.
	(b)	Only a few exceptions can be made.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Only few people know how to be rich and stay rich.
	Benar	:	Only a few people know how to be rich and stay rich.
2.	Salah	:	Only few salespersons remember the names of their customers after six months of their sales.
	Benar	:	Only a few salespersons remember the names of their customers after six months of their sales.
3.	Salah	:	Only little money will be provided for college.
	Benar	:	Only a little money will be provided for college.
4.	Salah	:	Only a few patience is needed in order to get what you want.
	Benar	:	Only a little patience is needed in order to get what you want.
5.	Salah	:	They need only a little chairs.
	Benar	:	They need only a few chairs.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

In competitive markets, ____ continuously productive and profitable organizations survive and grow.
1. only few
2. only little
3. only a little
4. only a few
5. placeholder
____ parents can resist having a favorite.
1. Only a few
2. Only few
3. Only a little
4. Only little
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Only few
moments of legs being forcibly held
(B) suffice
to make an infant’s face
(C) redden
as he squirms, screams and makes violent attempts to free
(D) himself
.
(E) placeholder
There are a
(A) number
of unreliable methods of mate selection,
(B) only few
of which will be discussed
(C) briefly
here: phrenology, palmistry,
(D) fortune telling
, astrology and physiognomy.
(E) placeholder

Unit 78

Chapter 10

a large/small number of, a large/small amount of

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‘a large number of’ mempunyai arti many (banyak), sedangkan a small number
of mempunyai arti a few (beberapa). ‘a large (small) number of’ menggunakan
kata kerja jamak (plural verb).

‘a large amount of’ mempunyai arti much (banyak), sedangkan a small amount of mempunyai arti a little (sedikit). ‘a large (small) amount of’ menggunakan kata kerja tunggal (singular verb).

Contoh:

(1)	a large/small number of + countable plural noun
	(a)	A large number of people go to the mall every day.
	(b)	A large number of students are waiting for you.

(2)	a large/small amount of + uncountable noun
	(a)	A large (small) amount of salt is needed.
	(b)	A large (small) amount of money was stolen.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	There are a large amount of good universities in our country.
	Benar	:	There are a large number of good universities in our country.
2.	Salah	:	A large numbers of information comes from him every day.
	Benar	:	A large amount of information comes from him every day.
3.	Salah	:	He put a small number of sugar in his tea.
	Benar	:	He put a small amount of sugar in his tea.
4.	Salah	:	He needs a large number of money to invest in oil exploration.
	Benar	:	He needs a large amount of money to invest in oil exploration.
5.	Salah	:	A small amount of animals have died.
	Benar	:	A small number of animals have died.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Managing such ____ organizations presents a great challenge.
1. a large amount of
2. a large numbers of
3. a large number
4. a large number of
5. placeholder
A typical Thai meal consists of spiced meat and vegetables served with ____ rice.
1. a large numbers of
2. large amount of
3. a large amount of
4. a large number of
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Money can bring you a large
(A) amount
of things
(B) such as
beautiful possessions,
(C) prestige
, the ability to create and
(D) even
change the world, but it also can bring you great sadness.
(E) placeholder
A large
(A) amount
of soldiers
(B) were involved
in
(C) the
war and were
(D) missing
in action.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 11 17 Units

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives/Adverbs

Unit 79

Chapter 11

comparative adjectives

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Unit 80

Chapter 11

superlative adjectives

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Unit 81

Chapter 11

comparative and superlative adverbs

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Unit 82

Chapter 11

irregular comparative and irregular superlative adjectives

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Unit 83

Chapter 11

comparative + comparative

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Unit 84

Chapter 11

logical comparative

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Unit 85

Chapter 11

as + quality adjective/adverb + as

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Unit 86

Chapter 11

as many as, as much as, as few as, as little as

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Unit 87

Chapter 11

as high as, as soon as

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Unit 88

Chapter 11

similar and similar to

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Unit 89

Chapter 11

the same as, the same

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Unit 90

Chapter 11

the same + noun + as

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Unit 91

Chapter 11

different from and different

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Unit 92

Chapter 11

differ from (verb)

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Unit 93

Chapter 11

like and alike

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Unit 94

Chapter 11

more than, less than

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Unit 95

Chapter 11

twice/half/three times as many/much as

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Chapter 12 12 Units

Prepositions

Unit 96

Chapter 12

duration: for, a starting point of time: since

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Unit 97

Chapter 12

prepositions: at, in, on (places)

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Unit 98

Chapter 12

prepositions: at, in, on

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Unit 99

Chapter 12

prepositions: between, among

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Unit 100

Chapter 12

but and except

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Unit 101

Chapter 12

in spite of and despite

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Unit 102

Chapter 12

because of and because

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Unit 103

Chapter 12

'from' meaning 'caused by

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Unit 104

Chapter 12

'for' and 'to' meaning 'purpose

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Unit 105

Chapter 12

'by' meaning 'means'

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Unit 106

Chapter 12

from-to

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Unit 107

Chapter 12

verb/adjective + preposition combination.

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Chapter 13 9 Units

Conjunctions

Unit 108

Chapter 13

parallel structure using 'and'

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‘parallel structure’ adalah suatu struktur yang menggunakan dua atau lebih struktur yang sama. Jangan gunakan struktur yang berbeda. Jika struktur paralel terdiri dari lebih dari dua struktur, penulisannya menggunakan tanda koma dan gunakan and sebelum benda yang terakhir. Tanda baca koma (,) sebelum and adalah optional (dapat digunakan dapat pula tidak).

Contoh:

(a)	She is young, smart, and pretty.
(b)	In order to read, to speak, and to write good English, practice a lot.
(c)	The problems are corruption, collusion and nepotism.
(d)	He likes swimming, hiking, and diving.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	I would like to buy some milk, some butter also some sugar.
	Benar	:	I would like to buy some milk, some butter and some sugar.
2.	Salah	:	I will tell you how to control anxiety and depressed.
	Benar	:	I will tell you how to control anxiety and depression.
3.	Salah	:	Your duties are to take orders and delivering them.
	Benar	:	Your duties are to take orders and to deliver them.
4.	Salah	:	A good business letter should accurate and be written in good English.
	Benar	:	A good business letter should be accurate and be written in good English.
5.	Salah	:	A receptionist should answer telephone calls politely and intelligent.
	Benar	:	A receptionist should answer telephone calls politely and intelligently.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He has been advised not to touch the controls of the car like the steering wheel, handbrake ____.
1. and gear lever
2. and gear leverage
3. and gear levering
4. and gear levered
5. placeholder
Adhering to the universal accepted conventions of layout and style of a business letter would make your letter appear more professional and ____ you an edge over others.
1. give
2. gave
3. giving
4. to give
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The details
(A) will include
the price, quality, quantity and
(B) the timely

(C) within which
delivery
(D) will be required
.
(E) placeholder
The ten
(A) parts
of
(B) a business letter
include the date, the reference, the inside address, the salutation, the
(C) subject-heading
, the body of the letter, the complimentary ending, the signature, the firm title, a
(D) note
relating closure.
(E) placeholder

Unit 109

Chapter 13

both... and

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‘both… and’ adalah correlative conjunction dengan arti baik…maupun dan digunakan untuk meyambung dua struktur paralel, yaitu dua kata benda (noun), dua kata sifat (adjective), dua kata kerja (verb), dua kata keterangan (adverb) atau dua frasa preposisi (prepositional phrase).

Contoh:

(1)	both + noun + and + noun
	(a)	She stole both the necklace and the bracelet.
	(b)	We can use both the car and the motorcycle.

(2)	both + adjective + and + adjective
	(a)	He is both handsome and rich.
	(b)	The story is both interesting and touching.

(3)	both + verb + and + verb
	(a)	We gave him some money both to buy his daily needs and to pay for the rent.
	(b)	He wants both to love and to be loved.

(4)	both + adverb + and + adverb
	(a)	He speaks English both well and fluently.
	(b)	They did it both quickly and neatly.

(5)	both + prepositional phrase + and + prepositional phrase
	(a)	We want to be both at the party and at work.
	(b)	We will visit you both in the morning and in the evening.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Silk is used for both the strings of musical instruments also clothes.
	Benar	:	Silk is used for both the strings of musical instruments and clothes.
2.	Salah	:	We were treated with both care with tolerance.
	Benar	:	We were treated with both care and tolerance.
3.	Salah	:	I felt both happy as well as disappointed at the same time.
	Benar	:	I felt both happy and disappointed at the same time
4.	Salah	:	They speak both slowly also clearly.
	Benar	:	They speak both slowly and clearly.
5.	Salah	:	They were approached both by the manager also by the secretary.
	Benar	:	They were approached both by the manager and by the secretary.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The goods could be sent both ____.
1. by air or by sea
2. by air and by sea
3. by air also sea
4. by air or sea
5. placeholder
London makes an ideal destination ____ as a base for exploring Britain and Europe as widely as time and budget permit.
1. both for its own sake and
2. both for its own sake with
3. both for its own sake including
4. both for its own sake also
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In
(A) developing
countries a new child both relieves the boredom of
(B) the women's
monotonous, narrow lives
(C) also
provides
(D) companionship
and love.
(E) placeholder
(A) Each
adult female Aedes mosquito can both live
(B) up to
three weeks
(C) as well as
lay up to seven hundred eggs
(D) its life time
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 110

Chapter 13

not only...but also

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‘not only…but also…’ adalah correlative conjunction dengan arti tidak hanya… tetapi juga… dan digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua buah struktur paralel, yaitu dua buah kata benda (noun), dua buah kata sifat (adjective), dua buah kata kerja (verb) atau dua buah frasa preposisi (prepositional phrase).

Contoh:

(1)	not only + noun + but also + noun
	(a)	Please bring not only some books but also a pen.
	(b)	Not only her brother but also her parents live abroad.

(2)	not only + adjective + but also + adjective
	(a)	She is not only pretty but also smart.
	(b)	I feel not only upset but also disappointed.

(3)	not only + verb + but also + verb
	(a)	I not only study English but also study French.
	(b)	She not only came late but also forgot to bring her books.

(4)	not only + adverb + but also + adverb
	(a)	One should study not only diligently but also regularly.
	(b)	He talked not only softly but also fast.

(5)	not only + prepositional phrase + but also
	(a)	A good student should study not only in the morning but also in the afternoon.
	(b)	You need to write not only in code but also in ink.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	A grown-up should take care of not only his or her parents but his or her children also.
	Benar	:	A grown-up should take care of not only his or her parents but also his or her children.
2.	Salah	:	He played not only with my computer but also broke it.
	Benar	:	He not only played with my computer but also broke it.
3.	Salah	:	You need to learn to not only modulate your voice but also to vary the tone.
	Benar	:	You need to learn not only to modulate your voice but also to vary the tone.
4.	Salah	:	You have to not only cultivate a sexy laugh and but also make sure that it doesn’t sound false.
	Benar	:	You have to not only cultivate a sexy laugh but also make sure that it doesn’t sound false.
5.	Salah	:	He is here not only on vacation also on business.
	Benar	:	He is here not only on vacation but also on business.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

I would like to thank you not only ____.
1. for your generosity but for your kindness also
2. for your generosity but for your kind
3. for your generous but for your kindness
4. for your generosity but also for your kindness
5. placeholder
He is not only protective ____.
1. but possessive
2. but also possessive
3. but possessive too
4. but possessive also
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The
(A) appraisal
should slot in time
(B) not only
for review of performance,
(C) but
for
(D) development
of social bonds.
(E) placeholder
(A) Specific needs
of really talented individuals should
(B) not
be identified
(C) but also
treated as
(D) special cases
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 111

Chapter 13

not...but

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‘not…but’ adalah correlative conjunction dengan arti tidak…tetapi atau bukan…tetapi dan digunakan untuk menggabungkan struktur paralel, yaitu dua kata benda (noun), dua kata sifat (adjective), dua kata kerja (verb), dua kata keterangan (adverb), dua frasa preposisi (prepositional phrase) dan dua klausa (clause).

Contoh:

(1)	not + noun + but + noun
	(a)	The highest mountain is not Mt Merapi but Mt Everest.
	(b)	It was not his love but his money that made her marry him.

(2)	not + adjective + but + adjective
	(a)	She is not beautiful but attractive.
	(b)	He is not tired but weak.

(3)	not + verb + but + verb
	(a)	You should not ask questions but answer them.
	(b)	She did not agree with me but supported me.

(4)	not + adverb + but + adverb
	(a)	He worked not slowly but carefully.
	(b)	She spoke not more slowly but louder.

(5)	not + prepositional phrase + but + prepositional phrase
	(a)	He died not of injuries but of hunger.
	(b)	He is angry not with you but with me.
	(c)	You should judge them not by appearances but by what they say.

(6)	not + clause + but + clause
	(a)	It’s not that he didn’t know but that he pretended so.
	(b)	The problem is not that he didn’t do his job well but that he forgot to do it.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He is not handsome but also rich.
	Benar	:	He is not handsome but rich.
2.	Salah	:	She is not only imaginative but hard-working.
	Benar	:	She is not imaginative but hard-working.
3.	Salah	:	This is not caused by him but only by her.
	Benar	:	This is not caused by him but by her.
4.	Salah	:	They have not one only but four cars.
	Benar	:	They have not one but four cars.
5.	Salah	:	The problem is not that they don’t want to help only they don’t have the money.
	Benar	:	The problem is not that they don’t want to help but they don’t have the money.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

At home or work, the basic tenet for humor is: Take your responsibility seriously, ____ so seriously.
1. or but don’t take yourself
2. and don’t take yourself
3. but not take yourself
4. but don’t take yourself
5. placeholder
Red is a negative color which represents witchcraft and death in many African countries ____.
1. but is a positive color in Denmark
2. and is a positive color in Denmark
3. but also is a positive color in Denmark
4. but only is a positive color in Denmark
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Many
men are not yet willing to
(B) concede
equality to women;
(C) others
accept equality theory
(D) and
not in practice.
(E) placeholder
Boys
(A) tend to
outperform girls in mathematics
(B) involving
abstract concepts of space, relationships
(C) and
theory, and girls usually speak in longer and
(D) more complex
sentences than boys.
(E) placeholder

Unit 112

Chapter 13

as well as; (both)...and...as well as

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‘as well as’ adalah correlative conjunctions dengan arti dan juga dan digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua struktur paralel seperti dua kata benda (noun), kata sifat (adjective), dua kata kerja (verb), dua kata keterangan (adverb) atau dua frasa preposisi (prepositional phrase).

Contoh:

(1)	noun + as well as + noun
	(a)	He enjoys playing tennis as well as basketball.
	(b)	They don’t eat beef as well as pork.

(2)	adjective + as well as + adjective
	(a)	She is pretty as well as rich.
	(b)	He is a lecturer as well as a writer.

(3)	verb + as well as + verb
	(a)	You need to organize as well as execute it.
	(b)	Please learn to speak as well as to write.

(4)	adverb + as well as + adverb
	(a)	Please do it carefully as well as quickly.
	(b)	They must drink as well as eat.

(5)	prepositional phrase + as well as + prepositional phrase
	(a)	They are on the night shift as well as on the day shift.
	(b)	He is in love as well as in a complete mess.

Kita dapat juga mengurutkan tiga struktur paralel dengan menggunakan: (both)…and…as well as. ‘both’ adalah optional (boleh digunakan boleh juga tidak).

Contoh

(a)	He enjoys reading (both) in the living room and in the bedroom as well as in the study room.
(b)	They bought (both) a printer and a radio as well as some batteries.

Perhatikan bahwa jika as well as digunakan dengan subject, maka frasa yang dimulai dengan as well as tersebut harus dipisahkan oleh tanda baca koma dan memerlukan kata kerja sesuai dengan subject yang sesungguhnya atau sebelum tanda baca koma.
Contoh:

(a)	Jane, as well as Elizabeth, goes to the same school.
(b)	Frank and James, as well as Andrew, drive the same kind of car.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Both my father, my mother and my sister will come to visit me next week.
	Benar	:	Both my father and my mother as well as my sister will come to visit me next week.
2.	Salah	:	My teacher is both considerate, generous as well as smart.
	Benar	:	My teacher is both considerate and generous as well as smart.
3.	Salah	:	To have a good company, you need to plan, organize it as well as control it.
	Benar	:	To have a good company, you need to plan and organize it as well as control it.
4.	Salah	:	We live by high values of integrity as well excellence in management.
	Benar	:	We live by high values of integrity as well as excellence in management.
5.	Salah	:	He practices both hard and diligently also regularly.
	Benar	:	He practices both hard and diligently as well as regularly.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Her job requires her to spend equal amount of time ____.
1. outdoors also indoors
2. outdoors as well indoors
3. outdoors as well as indoors
4. both outdoors as well as indoors
5. placeholder
Green tea in particular, is full of antioxidant ____, compounds that are known to help prevent cancer in animals.
1. as well as flavonoids
2. as well flavonoids
3. also flavonoids
4. flavonoids as well
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

We strive to contribute
(A) substantially
to
(B) both
the global priority areas of energy conservation and environment protection
(C) also
the enrichment of
(D) society
.
(E) placeholder
(A) It is

(B) through
play that children
(C) develop
socially
(D) as well
physically.
(E) placeholder

Unit 113

Chapter 13

either... or, neither... nor

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A. ‘either... or’

‘either… or’ sebagai conjunction mempunyai arti one or the other of two (salah satu dari dua) dan digunakan untuk menunjukkan pilihan terhadap dua alternatif atau lebih.

Contoh:

(a)	You can give it to me either today or tomorrow.
(b)	I put it either in my pocket or on my desk.
(c)	We have different flavors. You can choose either lemon or chocolate.
(d)	Either my sisters or my father is coming.

CATATAN:

(1)	‘either… or’ dapat digunakan dengan nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositional phrases, clauses dan lainnya sepanjang konstruksinya paralel.
(2)	‘You can give it to me either today or tomorrow’ sama dengan You can give it to me today or tomorrow. Penggunaan either… or lebih formal.

B. ‘neither... nor’

‘neither…nor’ sebagai conjunction mempunyai arti not one nor the other of two people or things (tidak salah satu dari dua) dan digunakan untuk menunjukkan tidak ada pilihan dari dua alternatif atau lebih.

Contoh:

(a)	He has neither wife nor children.
(b)	He likes neither fried chicken nor fried rice.
(c)	She neither smokes, drinks nor uses drugs.
(d)	Neither his wife nor his children are coming.

CATATAN:

(1)	‘neither… nor’ dapat digunakan dengan noun, adjective, verb, adverb, prepositional phrase dan lainnya sepanjang konstruksinya paralel.
(2)	‘She neither smokes, drinks nor uses drugs’ sama artinya dengan She doesn’t smoke, drink or use drugs. Penggunaan neither… nor lebih formal.

C. ‘either... or’ dan ‘neither... nor’ with singular or plural verb

‘either… or’ digunakan untuk menyatakan pilihan terhadap dua alternatif. ‘neither… nor’ digunakan untuk menyatakan tidak satu pun pilihan dari dua alternatif.

Contoh:

(a)	Either the students or the teacher was absent.
(b)	He speaks either Indonesian or Chinese.
(c)	She neither cares nor understands what is going on.
(d)	Neither the teacher nor the students were absent.

CATATAN:

(1)	‘either… or’ dan neither… nor dapat diikuti oleh singular atau plural verb tergantung pada kata benda mana yang lebih dekat dengan kata kerja.
(2)	Untuk penggunaan informal, kita dapat menggunakan plural verb.

Example:

1.	Salah	:	Neither her brother or her sister is here.
	Benar	:	Neither her brother nor her sister is here.
2.	Salah	:	She either understands nor speaks Chinese.
	Benar	:	She neither understands nor speaks Chinese.
3.	Salah	:	We can either go home nor stay here.
	Benar	:	We can either go home or stay here.
4.	Salah	:	Either the father and the mother is required to sign the paper.
	Benar	:	Either the father or the mother is required to sign the paper.
5.	Salah	:	She is neither hungry or thirsty.
	Benar	:	She is neither hungry nor thirsty.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ to deal with the rich variety of criminal activity that now proliferates.
1. Either laws nor law enforcement officers are equipped
2. Neither laws nor law enforcement officers are equipped
3. Neither laws nor law enforcement officers is equipped
4. Either laws or law enforcement officers is equipped
5. placeholder
Debtors who repay their debts, ____, shall be acquitted of all criminal charges.
1. neither in cash or assets
2. either in cash or assets
3. either in cash nor assets
4. either in cash and assets
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Bio-diesel is made
(A) by
transforming animal fat or vegetable oil with alcohol and can be
(B) directly
substituted
(C) for
diesel either as neat fuel
(D) nor
as an additive.
(E) placeholder
The rare animals
(A) found
in the two locations came either
(B) from

(C) within
the province
(D) and
from Java.
(E) placeholder

Unit 114

Chapter 13

infinitives of purpose

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‘infinitives of purpose’ adalah keterangan tujuan. Konstruksi kalimat yang demikian adalah: subject + verb + (in order) to + infinitive. ‘in order’ adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak).

Contoh:

(a)	He exercises (in order) to stay healthy.
(b)	He works hard (in order) to earn a living.

Examples:

Salah	:	You should work faster for finish all questions in time.
Salah	:	You should work faster finish all questions in time.
Salah	:	You should work faster finished all questions in time.
Salah	:	You should work faster for to finish all questions in time.
Salah	:	You should work faster to finished all questions in time.
Salah	:	You should work faster will finish all question in time.
Benar	:	You should work faster to finish all questions in time.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Iron is used ____ a lot of things.
1. for to make
2. to make
3. for make
4. make
5. placeholder
The people in a company should work hard ____ profits.
1. to maximize
2. to maximizing
3. maximize
4. for maximize
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

When we
(A) think of
buying a car, we use accounting
(B) information

(C) for
determine
(D) whether
we can afford it.
(E) placeholder
In
(A) the ninth
century in China, people
(B) used
silk
(C) for pay
for
(D) large purchases
and salt for small ones.
(E) placeholder

Unit 115

Chapter 13

instructions using to infinitives of purpose

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‘to-infinitive of purpose’ digunakan dalam kalimat yang menunjukkan instruksi dan ditempatkan di depan kalimat. Kita juga dapat menambahkan in order di depan to-infinitive.
Konstruksi kalimat yang demikian adalah:
‘to-infinitive phrase’, + imperative sentence

Contoh:

(a)	(In order) to kill the mosquitoes, use insecticide.
(b)	(In order) to win her heart, treat her well.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	In order to turn on the lights, pressing the button.
	Benar	:	In order to turn on the lights, press the button.
2.	Salah	:	To get rich, to marry someone rich.
	Benar	:	To get rich, marry someone rich.
3.	Salah	:	To being slim, do exercises.
	Benar	:	To be slim, do exercises.
4.	Salah	:	Open this box, untie the label.
	Benar	:	To open this box, untie the label.
5.	Salah	:	Feeling uplifted and well, breathe the air on the mountainside or near the sea.
	Benar	:	To feel uplifted and well, breathe the air on the mountainside or near the sea.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____, eat less lean meat and poultry and low-fat dairy products.
1. To reduce fat intake
2. Reducing fat intake
3. Reduce fat intake
4. To reduced fat intake
5. placeholder
To remove obstacles, ____, don’t complain about it but forthrightly attack it.
1. stand to it
2. standing to it
3. to stand to it
4. to standing to it
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) To become
a happy person,
(B) having
a clean soul, eyes that
(C) see
romance in the commonplace, a child’s heart and spiritual
(D) simplicity
.
(E) placeholder
(A) Bring
everything into the realm of possibility,
(B) change
your mental habits to belief
(C) instead of
disbelief and learn to expect,
(D) not
to doubt.
(E) placeholder

Unit 116

Chapter 13

'verb ing', 'to infinitive' dan 'infinitive without to' as subjective complements

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‘verb + ing’ (yang disebut juga dengan gerund), to infinitive serta infinitive without to dapat ditempatkan sebagai obyek dalam kalimat. ‘verb ing’ (gerund) dan infinitive yang demikian berfungsi sebagai frasa benda.

Contoh:

(a)	Now the toughest thing to do is convincing / to convince / convince the local community that the establishment of the national park will not marginalize them.
(b)	The main reason for finishing the project is changing / to change the image of the area from a red-light district to an area associated with religious activities.

Jika dalam frasa pertama mengandung kata kerja ‘do’, kita dapat menggunakan infinitive without to. Jika tidak, sebaiknya menggunakan verb ing atau to infinitive. Kita sebaiknya menggunakan verb ing jika kalimat dalam past tense.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The idea behind the recycled food is changed people’s mind set about waste and leftovers.
	Benar	:	The idea behind the recycled food is changing / to change people’s mind set about waste and leftovers.
2.	Salah	:	Our main priority at the moment is to developed the brand, the concept, the store design and the menu.
	Benar	:	Our main priority at the moment is developing / to develop the brand, the concept, the store design and the menu.
3.	Salah	:	Being a judge, a prosecutor or a lawyer is to putting one leg in hell because he is playing with one’s fate.
	Benar	:	Being a judge, a prosecutor or a lawyer is putting / to put one leg in hell because he is playing with one’s fate.
4.	Salah	:	Food sovereignty does not mean to isolated the community from the rest of the world.
	Benar	:	Food sovereignty does not mean isolating / to isolate the community from the rest of the world.
5.	Salah	:	The idea is to putting tax on fatty foods such as butter, full-fat milk and cheese.
	Benar	:	The idea is putting / to put tax on fatty foods such as butter, full-fat milk and cheese.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The idea is ____ the shopper with the impression that the ordeal they have to endure to buy a carton of noodles is justified because of the savings they will encounter.
1. to leave
2. to left
3. left
4. to leaving
5. placeholder
The main difference between regular gyms and medical fitness centers is ____ doctors and nurses on hand to advise and oversee clients with health problems.
1. having
2. to having
3. to had
4. had
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The only physical activity that he
(A) in
dulged in was
(B) to commuting
to the cinema,
(C) where
he would slouch into a seat in the
(D) air-conditioned
darkness.
(E) placeholder
One of the worst possible
(A) ways
power can
(B) be abused
is
(C) took away
the freedom of
(D) the press
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 14 2 Units

Direct - Indirect Speech

Unit 117

Chapter 14

indirect speech

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‘indirect speech’ adalah suatu kalimat yang menggunakan noun clause untuk melaporkan sesuatu secara tak langsung. Kata kerja yang biasanya digunakan dengan noun clause di antaranya: announced, asked, believed, forgot, predicted, remembered, reported, said, thought, told, wondered. Kata kerja yang demikian ketika digunakan dalam indirect speech menggunakan past tense. Kata kerja dalam noun clause menggunakan past tense (semua jenis past tense) kecuali pernyataan dalam noun clause tersebut adalah suatu kebenaran umum.

Contoh:

(a)	He said that he was hungry.
(b)	I don’t know what I need to do.
(c)	She reported that she had been robbed.
(d)	My mother asked me if I wanted to go.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He said that he will get married the following week.
	Benar	:	He said that he would get married the following week.
2.	Salah	:	He believed that they are telling him a lie.
	Benar	:	He believed that they had told him a lie.
3.	Salah	:	She thought that I can’t afford it.
	Benar	:	She thought that she couldn’t afford it.
4.	Salah	:	He was not behaving well. I wondered why he isn’t sent home.
	Benar	:	He was not behaving well. I wondered why he wasn’t sent home.
5.	Salah	:	They asked him if they can go home.
	Benar	:	They asked him if they could go home.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Greeks believed that if a man in a way ____, he had the characteristics of that animal.
1. resembled an animal
2. resembling an animal
3. resembles an animal
4. is resembling an animal
5. placeholder
She asked him ____ at her in such a strange way.
1. why does he look
2. why he looks
3. why he looked
4. why he has looked
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The
(A) other
day my friend
(B) wanted to
know where
(C) I want
to go for
(D) my
holiday.
(E) placeholder
I remembered
(A) that
one day my mother asked
(B) me
if I
(C) have
any
(D) plan
to become a doctor.
(E) placeholder

Unit 118

Chapter 14

indirect question

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‘question words’ dapat memulai noun clauses dan digunakan untuk bertanya secara tak langsung. Berikut adalah question words yang dapat memulai noun
clause: who, what, where, when, why, what time, how, how long, how often,
how many, how much dan which.
Berikut adalah kata kerja yang dapat digunakan dengan noun clause yang dimulai dengan question words: ask, explain, find out, forget, guess imagine, know, learn, regret, remember, say, tell, understand, wonder.
Perhatikan bahwa kalimat dalam clause yang dimulai dengan question word harus dalam bentuk kalimat pernyataan, bukan kalimat tanya.

Contoh:

(a)	I know who did that.
(b)	I wonder what he is doing now.
(c)	Ask him where he is going.
(d)	I don’t know when he will leave.
(e)	I know why he didn’t answer my call.
(f)	Can you tell me what time it is?
(g)	He didn’t tell me how he lost his wallet.
(h)	He didn’t say how long he would stay.
(i)	She asked him how often he played tennis.
(j)	She asked her mother how many she bought.
(k)	I don’t remember how much it costs.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	I don’t know what is he talking about.
	Benar	:	I don’t know what he is talking about.
2.	Salah	:	Do you realize what date is it?
	Benar	:	Do you realize what date it is?
3.	Salah	:	Can you tell me where was he born?
	Benar	:	Can you tell me where he was born?
4.	Salah	:	He knows how important is it to be ambitious.
	Benar	:	He knows how important it is to be ambitious.
5.	Salah	:	I have been meaning to ask you where do you have your hair cut.
	Benar	:	I have been meaning to ask you where you have your hair cut.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

To be able to live with energy depends on ____ your core physically, emotionally and spiritually.
1. how well did you
2. how well you feed
3. how well are you feeding
4. how well have you fed
5. placeholder
Do you know ____?
1. why did people dream
2. why people dreamed
3. why people dream
4. why do people dream
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) To answer
this question
(B) depends
on how old
(C) are you
and how much money
(D) you have
.
(E) placeholder
Some people need an adviser to clear
(A) debt
; some may want advice in investments, while
(B) others
want to know how
(C) can they
retire
(D) comfortably
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 15 2 Units

Would Rather

Unit 119

Chapter 15

would rather (preference)

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‘would rather’ + infinitive digunakan untuk menyatakan pilihan yang lebih disukai. ‘would rather’ diterjemahkan menjadi lebih menyukai atau lebih memilih. Bentuk negatif dari would rather adalah would rather not.

Contoh:

1.	Salah	:	She would rather gave up.
	Salah	:	She would rather giving up.
	Salah	:	She would rather to giving up.
	Salah	:	She would rather gives up.
	Salah	:	She would rather to give up.
	Benar	:	She would rather give up.

2.	Salah	:	She would rather don’t give up.
	Salah	:	She would not rather give up.
	Salah	:	She would rather no give up.
	Salah	:	She would not rather give up.
	Salah	:	She would rather not to give up.
	Benar	:	She would rather not give up.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He ____ her.
1. would rather accompanying
2. would rather accompany
3. would rather to accompany
4. would rather accompanied
5. placeholder
He ____ go.
1. would rather not
2. would rather don’t
3. would not rather
4. would rather not to
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The people who
(A) use
their right side of the
(B) brain
more would rather
(C) chose
to work in the marketing department
(D) than
in the accounting department.
(E) placeholder
If the computers
(A) were forecasting
one thing and their
(B) training
and experience told them something different,
(C) the meteorologists
would rather
(D) to use
their own judgment.
(E) placeholder

Unit 120

Chapter 15

would rather that

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‘would rather that’ + subject + past tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang lebih disukai. Perhatikan bahwa kita harus menggunakan past tense dari kata kerja dalam anak kalimat.

Contoh:
I would rather that you did it for me.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	I would rather that he goes to the store for some cigarettes.
	Salah	:	I would rather that he will go to the store for some cigarettes.
	Salah	:	I would rather that he has gone to the store for some cigarettes.
	Salah	:	I would rather that he is going to the store for some cigarettes.
	Benar	:	I would rather that he went to the store for some cigarettes.

2.	Salah	:	I would rather that you don’t go to the store.
	Salah	:	I would rather that you not go to the store.
	Salah	:	I would rather that you won’t go to the store.
	Salah	:	I would rather that you hasn’t gone to the store.
	Benar	:	I would rather that you didn’t go to the store.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He would rather that you ____ us.
1. didn’t join
2. don’t join
3. won’t join
4. hasn’t joined
5. placeholder
We would rather that you ____ him.
1. didn’t tell
2. shouldn’t tell
3. are not telling
4. hasn’t told
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

We would rather that he
(A) learns
by himself as by
(B) doing
so he
(C) could
grow up to be an
(D) independent
person in the future.
(E) placeholder
I
(A) would rather that
you
(B) do,
it
(C) based on
the manual book so that
(D) there
will not be any unnecessary problems.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 16 3 Units

Subjunctives

Unit 121

Chapter 16

subjunctive: after verb

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‘subjunctive’ adalah bentuk pertama (infinitive) dari kata kerja (dalam anak kalimat) yang digunakan setelah kata kerja, kata benda atau kata sifat tertentu yang menunjukkan adanya kepentingan (importance). ‘subjuntive’ ini digunakan di dalam anak kalimat. Dalam unit ini kita akan mempelajari subjunctive setelah kata kerja tertentu. Kata kerja yang menggunakan subjunctive di antaranya adalah: advise, ask, beg, command, decree, demand, desire, insist, instruct, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, warn.

Konstruksi kalimat yang menggunakan subjunctive adalah:

(1)	(Positif)
	subject + verb (yang menunjukkan kepentingan) + subject + infinitive
	(a)	He demanded that everybody get paid.
	(b)	They require that everyone put on his seat-belt.

(2)	(Negatif)
	subject + verb (yang menunjukkan kepentingan) + subject + not + infinitive
	(a)	We recommended that he not work too hard.
	(b)	We suggested that he not go with her.

Examples:

Salah	:	We prefer that he was coming over tonight.
Salah	:	We prefer that he comes over tonight.
Salah	:	We prefer that he came over tonight.
Salah	:	We prefer that he will come over tonight.
Salah	:	We prefer that he is coming over tonight.
Salah	:	we prefer that he would come over tonight.
Benar	:	We prefer that he come over tonight.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The doctor suggested that he ____.
1. don’t smoke
2. not smoke
3. will not smoke
4. would not smoke
5. placeholder
His father demanded that ____ her.
1. he leaves
2. he left
3. he is leaving
4. he leave
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The government
(A) demands
that everyone
(B) complies
with the law and help
(C) to fight
corruption by
(D) not being
a part of it.
(E) placeholder
The school
(A) requires
that a student
(B) has
a TOEFL score of
(C) at least
550 in order to
(D) be accepted
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 122

Chapter 16

subjunctive: after nouns

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Kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja yang membutuhkan subjunctive verb juga membutuhkan subjuntive verb dalam anak kalimat. Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:
noun + that + subject + infinitive

Contoh:

(a)	The proposal that he be fired is still under discussion.
(b)	The request that she marry him makes no sense at all.
(c)	The suggestion that he be chosen the chairman has been opposed.

Beberapa kata benda (noun) yang berasal dari kata kerja (verb) yang membutuhkan subjunctive verb adalah: advice, command, demand, insistence, instruction, order, preference, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion.

Examples:

Salah	:	The suggestion that he was arrested was agreed.
Salah	:	The suggestion that he is arrested was agreed.
Salah	:	The suggestion that he will be arrested was agreed.
Salah	:	The suggestion that he would be arrested was agreed.
Salah	:	The suggestion that he being arrested was agreed.
Benar	:	The suggestion that he be arrested was agreed.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The requirement that ____ to bed early is unavoidable.
1. he goes
2. he went
3. he go
4. he will go
5. placeholder
The demand that the prisoner ____ cannot be fulfilled.
1. the prisoner is released
2. the prisoner was released
3. the prisoner will be released
4. the prisoner be released
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It is
(A) the recommendation
of many doctors that a human
(B) drinks
five glasses of water a day in order to keep healthy and prevent
(C) disorders
of
(D) the kidney
.
(E) placeholder
The advice
(A) in order

(B) to succeed
in your study
(C) is
that you
(D) are not
late for your lesson.
(E) placeholder

Unit 123

Chapter 16

subjunctive verb after adjectives of importance; to infinitive after adjective

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Konstruksi kalimat yang menggunakan subjunctive verb setelah kata sifat (adjective) adalah: It is + adjective + that + subject + infinitive

Contoh:

(a)	It is important that he attend the meeting.
(b)	It is important that he not make any mistakes.
(c)	It is important that he be here.
(d)	It is important that he not be there

Beberapa kata sifat (adjective) yang menunjukkan kepentingan menggunakan subjunctive verb adalah: imperative, essential, (un)necessary, crucial, urgent.

Kata sifat (adjective) yang tidak menunjukkan kepentingan tidak menggunakan subjunctive verb.
Contoh: It is good that he is here.

Konstruksi kalimat yang menggunakan to infinitive setelah kata sifat (adjective) adalah: It is + adjective + (for somebody/something) to + infinitive
Contoh: It is important (for him) to attend the meeting.

Examples:

Salah	:	It is essential that you are on time.
Salah	:	It is essential that you will be on time.
Salah	:	It is essential that you must be on time.
Salah	:	It is essential that you being on time
Salah	:	It is essential that you are being on time.
Salah	:	It is essential be on time.
Benar	:	It is essential that you be on time.
Benar	:	It is essential (for you) to be on time.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

It is important that all of us ____ in the sea where there are sharks.
1. don’t swim
2. not swim
3. won’t swim
4. mustn’t
5. placeholder
It is imperative that ____ a new policy to control public spending.
1. the government makes
2. the government made
3. the government make
4. the government must make
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It is important that
(A) the plant

(B) gets
enough
(C) care
in order for it to bear fruits
(D) sooner
.
(E) placeholder
It is
(A) imperative
that he
(B) does not
do anything
(C) foolish

(D) during
the meeting.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 17 3 Units

Reversal of Word Order

Unit 124

Chapter 17

reversal of word order

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A.	‘reversal of word order’ menggunakan kata-kata berkonotasi negatif seperti: not one, not once, not until, never, never again, only once, rarely, under no circumstances, very seldom, only if.

Contoh:

(a)	Not one book has he written.
(b)	Not once did he do it.
(c)	Not until I tell him to will he stop.
(d)	Never will I come again.
(e)	Never again will I talk to him.
(f)	Rarely do I buy such an expensive watch.
(g)	Under no circumstances will I agree with him.
(h)	Very seldom can I see him.
(i)	Only once did I visit this country.
(j)	Only if she goes, will I go.

B.	‘preposition’ yang menunjukkan tempat seperti: ‘among, between, in, under, next to, at, on’ dan dengan kata keterangan ‘there’ dan ‘here’.

Contoh:

(a)	Under the bed are some shoes.
(b)	Next to the bathroom is the bedroom.
(c)	Far beyond the village is a mountain.
(d)	There comes the bus.
(e)	Here is the postman.

Beberapa kata kerja yang menunjukkan arah dan berupa kata kerja intransitif dapat menggunakan konstruksi yang diinversi antara lain: climb, come, fall, fly, go, hang, lie, jump, live, march, roll, run, sit, skate, slide, stand, swim, turn, walk. Preposisi yang digunakan di antaranya adalah above, down, from, in, on, out/out of, over, round, to, up.

Contoh:

(a)	To the city marched the people.
(b)	On the chair sits the boy.
(c)	Above his head went his blow.

CATATAN:
Kita tidak menggunakan pronoun dalam bentuk kalimat di atas.
Contoh:

(a)	‘To the city marched they’, tetapi ‘To the city marched the soldiers’.
(b)	‘On the chair sits he’, tetapi ‘On the chair sits the boy’.

Adverbs:

away, back, down, far above, far beyond, in, off, out, over, round, up

Contoh:

(a)	Up went the balloon.
(b)	Round the corner turned the car.
(c)	Down the well jumped the goat

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Very seldom he can be attracted to girls.
	Benar	:	Very seldom can he be attracted to girls.
2.	Salah	:	Not once she has washed the dishes.
	Benar	:	Not once has she washed the dishes.
3.	Salah	:	Rarely this can happen.
	Benar	:	Rarely can this happen.
4.	Salah	:	Under no circumstances she will come.
	Benar	:	Under no circumstances will she come.
5.	Salah	:	Only if she takes part I will do the same.
	Benar	:	Only if she takes part will I do the same.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ as colorful and mystic as it is in Thailand.
1. Nowhere is Buddhism
2. Nowhere Buddhism is
3. Buddhism nowhere is
4. Is nowhere Buddhism
5. placeholder
Only when she was diagnosed with clinical depression ____ understand why she had always felt so troubled.
1. did she
2. does she
3. she understood
4. she understands
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Not only
(A) they had
to deal
(B) with
their
(C) own
grief, but they also had to endure the
(D) lawsuit
.
(E) placeholder
(A) Out of
the engineering
(B) that
produced rockets, motors, liquid propellants, space suits and other necessities of space flight
(C) by-products came
that no one
(D) had anticipated
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 125

Chapter 17

so + auxiliary verb + subject, subject + auxiliary verb + too/also

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‘so’ dan too/also mempunyai arti juga dan digunakan dalam kalimat positif.
‘so’ ditempatkan di depan auxiliary verb, sedangkan too/also sesudah auxiliary
verb.

Contoh:

(1)	auxiliary verb be (am, is, are, was, were)
	(a)	He is here, and so am I / and I am too/also.
	(b)	I am eating, and so is she / and she is too/also.
	(c)	We are leaving, and so are they / and they are too/also.
	(d)	The money was stolen, and so was the jewelry / and the jewelry was too/also.
	(e)	The parents were disappointed, and so were the teachers / and the teachers were too/also.

(2)	auxiliary verb do (do, does, did)
	(a)	She works hard, and so do I / and I do too/also.
	(b)	I get up early, and so does my sister / and my sister does too/also.
	(c)	He attended a series of lectures, and so did Sally / and Sally did too/also.

(3)	auxiliary verb have (have, has, had)
	(a)	She has worked hard, and so have I / and I have too/also.
	(b)	You have done an excellent job, and so has she / and she has too/also.
	(c)	They had finished it when you arrived, and so had I / and I had too/ also.

(4)	modal auxiliary verbs (will, can, could, must, should, would, may, might)
	(a)	He can swim, and so can I / and I can too/also.
	(b)	She will help you, and so will we / and we will too/also.
	(c)	They could help us, and so could our parents / and our parents could too/also.
	(d)	I must go home, and so must everybody / and everybody must too/also.
	(e)	You should do your homework, and so should they / and they should too/also.
	(f)	He may help us, and so may she / she may too/also.
	(g)	You would look better with long hair, and so would you / and you would too/also.
	(h)	He might come late, and so might her sister / and her sister might too/also.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	They worked hard, and so do we.
	Benar	:	They worked hard, and so did we.
	Benar	:	They worked hard, and we did too/also.
2.	Salah	:	We were satisfied with the results, and so did the teacher.
	Benar	:	We were satisfied with the results, and so was the teacher.
	Benar	:	We were satisfied with the results, and the teacher was too/also.
3.	Salah	:	Sue has sent me a proposal, and so is Jim.
	Benar	:	Sue has sent me a proposal, and so has Jim.
	Benar	:	Sue has sent me a proposal, and Jim has too/also.
4.	Salah	:	She adores cats, and so is her mother.
	Benar	:	She adores cats, and so does her mother.
	Benar	:	She adores cats, and her mother does too/also.
5.	Salah	:	The boss should be prepared to provide clarifications, and so will the subordinate.
	Benar	:	The boss should be prepared to provide clarifications, and so should the subordinate.
	Benar	:	The boss should be prepared to provide clarifications, and the subordinate should too/also.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The most successful investors invariably have specific common characteristics, and ____ businessmen.
1. so will the most successful
2. so do the most successful
3. so did the most successful
4. so can the most successful
5. placeholder
Nearly 90 percent of the killers had criminal record, and ____.
1. so are the victims
2. so do the victims
3. so did the victims
4. so were the victims
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In those days, a girl’s skill
(A) at
planting rice enhanced her
(B) marriage
prospects, and so
(C) does
a boy’s ability
(D) to tie
rice bundles.
(E) placeholder
(A) Social
commitment must
(B) be implemented

(C) seriously
, and
(D) so are
other business activities.
(E) placeholder

Unit 126

Chapter 17

neither + auxiliary verb + subject, subject + auxiliary verb + either

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‘neither’ dan either mempunyai arti juga dan digunakan dalam kalimat negatif. ‘neither’ ditempatkan di depan auxiliary verb, sedangkan either sesudah auxiliary verb.

Contoh:

(1)	auxiliary verb ‘be’ (am, is, are, was, were)
	(a)	He isn’t there, and neither am I / and I’m not either.
	(b)	I’m not eating, and neither is she / and she isn’t either.
	(c)	We aren’t going, and neither are they / and they aren’t either.
	(d)	The money wasn’t stolen, and neither was the jewelry / and the jewelry wasn’t either.
	(e)	The parents weren’t disappointed, and neither were the teachers / and the teachers weren’t either.

(2)	auxiliary verb ‘do’ (do, does, did)
	(a)	She doesn’t work hard, and neither do I / and I don’t either.
	(b)	I don’t get up late, and neither does my sister / and my sister doesn’t either.
	(c)	He didn’t attend a series of lectures, and neither did Sally / and Sally didn’t either.

(3)	auxiliary verb ‘have’ (have, has, had)
	(a)	She hasn’t worked hard, and neither have I / and I haven’t either.
	(b)	You haven’t done an excellent job, and neither has she / and she hasn’t either.
	(c)	They hadn’t finished it when you arrived, and neither had I / and I hadn’t either.

(4)	modal auxiliary verbs (will, can, could, must, should, would, may, might)
	(a)	He can’t swim, and neither can I / and I can’t either.
	(b)	She won’t help you, and neither will we / and we won’t either.
	(c)	They couldn’t help us, and neither could our parents / and our parents couldn’t either.
	(d)	I must not go home, and neither must everybody / and everybody mustn’t either.
	(e)	You shouldn’t do leave, and neither should they / and they shouldn’t either.
	(f)	He may not come, and neither may she / she may not either.
	(g)	You wouldn’t look better with long hair, and neither would he / and he wouldn’t either.
	(h)	He might not come late, and neither might her sister / and her sister might not either.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	You must not fall asleep, and either must I.
	Benar	:	You must not fall asleep, and neither must I.
	Benar	:	You must not fall asleep, and I must not either.
2.	Salah	:	I don’t like heights, and my sister doesn’t neither.
	Benar	:	I don’t like heights, and neither does my sister.
	Benar	:	I don’t like heights, and my sister doesn’t either.
3.	Salah	:	If she does not want to go, and either will her friends.
	Benar	:	If she does not want to go, and neither will her friends.
	Benar	:	If she does not want to go, and her friends won’t either.
4.	Salah	:	Mary has not done her homework, and John hasn’t too.
	Benar	:	Mary has not done her homework, and John hasn’t either.
	Benar	:	Mary has not done her homework, and neither has John.
5.	Salah	:	He is not happy about it, and neither I am.
	Benar	:	He is not happy about it, and I am not either.
	Benar	:	He is not happy about it, and neither am I.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Mental illness is not a weakness or a failing, and ____ a hopeless situation.
1. either is it
2. neither is it
3. neither it is
4. either it is
5. placeholder
Slow economic growth never hit the country, ____.
1. and neither did rapid demographic growth
2. neither did rapid demographic growth
3. and neither does rapid demographic growth
4. and either did rapid demographic growth
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The secular state means that the state
(A) to force
a certain religion
(B) on
its citizens, and neither
(C) the state is
allowed to force its citizens to believe in certain ways and not in
(D) other
ways.
(E) placeholder
There were
(A) no
reports of
(B) death
after
(C) the
explosion, and neither
(D) there were
reports of injury.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 18 6 Units

Conditional Sentences

Unit 127

Chapter 18

real conditional sentences

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‘real conditionals’ adalah kalimat yang menyatakan sesuatu yang akan terjadi jika suatu kondisi terjadi yang mana kondisi tersebut masih mungkin terjadi saat ini atau di masa yang akan datang. Jika kita ingin menyatakan sesuatu yang sangat pasti, kita menggunakan will di dalam main clause. Jika sesuatu itu kemungkinannya tidak terlalu pasti, kita menggunakan can, dan jika sesuatu itu kemungkinannya kecil, kita menggunakan may. Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

if-clause (if + subject + verb(s) + main clause (subject + will/can/may + infinitive)

Contoh:

(1)	if-clause (the simple present tense), + main clause (subject + will + infinitive)
	(a)	If I meet her, I will tell her.
	(b)	If you want to come, I will wait.

(2)	if-clause (the simple present tense), + main clause (subject + can + infinitive)
	(a)	If you tease it, it can bite.
	(b)	If you call me an hour earlier, I can come on time.

(3)	if-clause (the simple present tense), + main clause (subject + may + infinitive)
	(a)	If you ask him, he may help you.
	(b)	If we are late again, the teacher may be upset this time.

Examples:

Salah	:	If I leave him alone, he would cry.
Salah	:	If I left him alone, he will cry.
Salah	:	If I am leaving him alone, he will cry.
Salah	:	If I will leave him alone, he will cry.
Salah	:	If I will leave him alone, he cries.
Benar	:	If I leave him alone, he will cry.
Benar	:	He will cry, if I leave him alone.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If you ____ some meat and vegetables, I will make some soup for you.
1. bought
2. buy
3. will buy
4. would buy
5. placeholder
I ____ you tomorrow if I have enough time.
1. come and see
2. would come and see
3. came and saw
4. will come and see
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It will
(A) simplify
our task
(B) in
the beginning if we
(C) analyzed
the
(D) risks
involved.
(E) placeholder
If
(A) people
save more money in
(B) the bank
, the central bank
(C) would
finally lower the interest
(D) rate
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 128

Chapter 18

conditionals for absolute or scientific results

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‘if-clause’ digunakan untuk menyatakan kebenaran umum yang pasti terjadi (absolute results). ‘main clause’ dalam kalimat yang mengandung if-clause yang demikian menggunakan the simple present tense.

Contoh:
if-clause (if + the simple present tense + the simple present tense)

(a)	If water freezes, it becomes ice.
(b)	If you throw a stone, it falls to the ground.

‘if-clause’ digunakan untuk menyatakan pendapat yang pasti akan terjadi. ‘main clause’ dalam if-clause yang digunakan demikian menggunakan the simple future tense, sedangkan if-clause menggunakan the simple present tense.

Contoh:
if-clause (if + the simple present tense + the simple future tense)

(a)	If children are healthy, they will learn to walk at about eighteen months.
(b)	If you don’t breathe, you will die.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Oil is floating if you pour it on water.
	Salah	:	Oil floats if you poured it on water.
	Salah	:	Oil would float if you pour it on water.
	Salah	:	Oil floats if you will pour it on water.
	Salah	:	Oil float if you pour it on water.
	Benar	:	Oil floats if you pour it on water.
	Benar	:	Oil will float if you pour it on water.
2.	Salah	:	If you heated it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria will die.
	Salah	:	If you heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria have died.
	Salah	:	If you heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minute, the bacteria died.
	Salah	:	If you will heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria will die.
	Salah	:	If you heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria are dying.
	Benar	:	If you heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria die.
	Benar	:	If you heat it to 90° Celsius for 45 minutes, the bacteria will die.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Dolphins die if ____ in water.
1. they were not
2. they will not be
3. they are not
4. they are not being
5. placeholder
If you ____ every day, it speeds up your metabolism.
1. exercised
2. are exercising
3. exercise
4. will exercise
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

If
(A) the
plants
(B) did not
get any
(C) sunshine
, they will finally
(D) die
.
(E) placeholder
If you
(A) put
the sugar
(B) into
the water, the sugar eventually
(C) dissolve
even though you
(D) do not
stir it.
(E) placeholder

Unit 129

Chapter 18

unreal conditionals: contrary to the present fact

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‘unreal conditionals’ adalah kalimat pengandaian yang menyatakan sesuatu yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan saat ini. Mungkin saja apa yang dinyatakan saat ini dapat menjadi kenyataan di masa yang akan datang. Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

if-clause ( if + the simple past tense), main clause (subject + would/could/might + infinitive)

Selain would, kita dapat juga menggunakan could dan might di dalam main clause. ‘main clause’ yang menggunakan would menyatakan kemungkinan yang paling besar yang dapat terjadi di masa datang. ‘could’ yang kedua dan might yang terakhir.

Contoh:

(1)	if-clause (if + the simple past tense), main clause (subject + would + infinitive)
	(a)	If I found her, I would marry her.
	(b)	If I met her again, I would apologize to her.

(2)	if-clause (if + the simple past tense), main clause (subject + could + infinitive)
	(a)	If he found her telephone number, he could call her.
	(b)	If he told her the matter, she could get angry.

(3)	if-clause (if + the simple past tense), main clause (subject + might + infinitive)
	(a)	If he found the key, he might be able to use the car.
	(b)	If he wrote to her, she might reply.

Examples:

Salah	:	If you would know her, you would understand.
Salah	:	If you knew her, you will understand.
Salah	:	If you know her, you would understand.
Salah	:	If you knew her, you understand.
Salah	:	If you knew her, you would have understood.
Benar	:	If you knew her, you would understand.
Benar	:	You would understand if you knew her.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If you ____ a little longer, you would be able to meet her.
1. will stay
2. would stay
3. stay
4. stayed
5. placeholder
If you didn’t wake up early, you ____ sleepy in the day-time.
1. weren’t
2. won’t be
3. aren’t
4. wouldn’t be
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

If the telephone company
(A) is
not
(B) large enough
to influence the price of phone
(C) service
, some degree of imperfect competition would not
(D) set in
.
(E) placeholder
What would
(A) occurred

(B) if
the
(C) demand
for a product
(D) tripled
?
(E) placeholder

Unit 130

Chapter 18

unreal conditionals: contrary to the past fact

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‘unreal conditionals’: contrary to the past fact adalah kalimat pengandaian yang menyatakan sesuatu yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang terjadi dimasa lampau. Hasil dari kejadian tersebut dapat saja terjadi di masa lampau seandainya kondisi tertentu terpenuhi. Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

if-clause (if + the past perfect tense), + main clause (subject + would have / could have / might have + past participle)

Selain would, kita dapat juga menggunakan could dan might di dalam main clause. ‘main clause’ yang menggunakan would menyatakan kemungkinan yang paling besar yang dapat terjadi seandainya kondisi tertentu di masa lampau tersebut terpenuhi, ‘could’ yang kedua dan might yang terakhir.

Contoh:

(1)	if-clause (if + the past perfect tense), + main clause (subject + would have + past participle)
	(a)	If I had found her, I would have married her.
	(b)	If I had met her again, I would have apologized to her.

(2)	if-clause (if + the past perfect tense), + main clause (subject + could have + past participle)
	(a)	If he had found her telephone number, he could have called her.
	(b)	If he had told her the matter, she could have got angry.

(3)	if-clause (if + the past perfect tense), + main clause (subject + might have + past participle)
	(a)	If he had found the key, he might have been able to use the car.
	(b)	If he had written to her, she might have replied.

Examples:

Salah	:	If I had had the money, I would buy it.
Salah	:	If I had the money, I would have bought it.
Salah	:	If I had had the money, I would have buy it.
Salah	:	If I would have had the money, I would have bought it.
Salah	:	If I would have the money, I would have bought it.
Benar	:	If I had had the money, I would have bought it.
Benar	:	I would have bought it if I had had the money.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If you ____, he wouldn’t have got upset.
1. wouldn’t complain
2. complained
3. hadn’t complained
4. won’t complain
5. placeholder
If I had had more time, I ____ it one more time.
1. would revise
2. will revise
3. revised
4. would have revised
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

If you
(A) did not
behaved better, you
(B) could have

(C) been
punished by
(D) the
principal.
(E) placeholder
If the electricity
(A) has not
been
(B) discovered
first,
(C) the computer

(D) could not
have been invented.
(E) placeholder

Unit 131

Chapter 18

unreal conditional sentences using were impossible result in the future

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‘unreal conditional’ ‘were’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi baik sekarang maupun di masa yang akan datang. Kalimat yang
demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

if clause (if + subject + were + adjective/noun/prepositional phrase/adverb), + subject +would + infinitive

Contoh:

(1)	If + subject + were + adjective, + subject + would + infinitive
	(a)	If he were rich, he would live in a big house.
	(b)	If it were a little bigger, we would buy it.

(2)	If + subject + were + noun, + subject + would + infinitive
	(a)	If I were you, I would teach him a lesson.
	(b)	If I were the President, I would provide the people with free education.

(3)	If + subject + were + prepositional phrase, + subject + would + infinitive
	(a)	If you were at home, you would know what was going on.
	(b)	If it were on Sunday, I would come.

(4)	If + subject + were + adverb, + subject + would + infinitive
	(a)	If you were there, you would do the same thing.
	(b)	If he were here, he would not agree.

(5)	If + subject + were to + infinitive, + subject + would + infinitive
	(a)	If you were to do it without my help, you would not be successful.
	(b)	If he were to do it, I would be more than happy.

CATATAN:
‘prepositional phrase’ adalah sebuah frasa yang dimulai dengan preposisi + kata benda.

Examples:

Salah	:	If she was really my friend, she would not hurt me.
Salah	:	If she is really my friend, she would not hurt me.
Salah	:	If she be really my friend, she would not hurt me.
Salah	:	If she were really my friend, she will not hurt me.
Benar	:	If she were really my friend, she would not hurt me.
Benar	:	She would not hurt me if she were really my friend.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If she ____ a good girl, she would not come home after midnight every day.
1. is
2. were
3. was
4. be
5. placeholder
If it were a little smaller, it ____ fit me well.
1. will
2. will be
3. would be
4. would
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

If he
(A) is
still to think that people
(B) would choose
him the leader, he
(C) would be
dreaming as the counting of votes
(D) had proved
that he was not chosen.
(E) placeholder
If
(A) humans

(B) are
totally deprived
(C) of
water for ten days, they would not
(D) would
able to survive.
(E) placeholder

Unit 132

Chapter 18

conditional sentences using 'unless'

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‘unless’ mempunyai arti if…not. Kalimat He will call his mother if he needs some money sama dengan He won’t call his mother unless he needs some money.
Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi: main clause + unless-clause

Contoh:

(a)	He won’t come unless you invite him. (He won’t come if you don’t invite him.)
(b)	They can’t help you unless you cooperate with them.
	(They can’t help you if you don’t cooperate with them.)

Examples:

Salah	:	I can’t concentrate unless the children are keeping quiet.
Salah	:	I can’t concentrate the children keep quiet.
Salah	:	I can’t concentrate unless the children quiet.
Salah	:	I can’t concentrate unless keep quiet.
Salah	:	I can’t concentrate unless the children be quiet.
Benar	:	I can’t concentrate unless the children keep quiet.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He will be late for the meeting unless ____ now.
1. he leaves
2. he left
3. he will leave
4. leave
5. placeholder
They won’t accept the offer ____ the price.
1. unless lower
2. unless you lower
3. unless you will lower
4. unless will lower
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In the past you
(A) could not
marry
(B) the Princess
unless
(C) fulfilled
certain
(D) requests
from the King.
(E) placeholder
You
(A) will not

(B) be given
an interview unless you
(C) are applying
for
(D) the job
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 19 8 Units

Tenses and Passive Sentences

Unit 133

Chapter 19

the present perfect tense in passive sentences

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‘the present perfect tense’ dalam kalimat pasif menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang mulai berlangsung di masa lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

subject + have/has + been + past participle.

Contoh:

(a)	He has been taught how to drive.
(b)	It has been repaired.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Three persons been killed.
	Benar	:	Three persons have been killed.
2.	Salah	:	The students have informed of the schedule.
	Benar	:	The students have been informed of the schedule.
3.	Salah	:	There has no violence thus far.
	Benar	:	There has been no violence thus far.
4.	Salah	:	Both of them have be blamed for masterminding the bombings.
	Benar	:	Both of them have been blamed for masterminding the bombings.
5.	Salah	:	Four people have being officially detained.
	Benar	:	Four people have been officially detained.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

A compound in breast milk ____ to destroy many skin warts, raising hopes it might also prove effective against cervical cancer and other lethal diseases caused by the same virus.
1. have been found
2. has been found
3. has being found
4. has found
5. placeholder
The sidewalks constructed for pedestrians ____ for everything.
1. have been used
2. have be used
3. have being used
4. have used
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Four hundred and thirty-five amphibian species are
(A) in
rapid decline. At least nine species
(B) have gone
extinct since 1980, and another 113 species
(C) have not reported
in the wild in recent years and are considered
(D) to be
possibly extinct.
(E) placeholder
To date, no efforts
(A) have made
to raise public awareness
(B) on
how hi-tech waste can harm humankind and the environment if it is improperly disposed
(C) of

(D) except for
walking.
(E) placeholder

Unit 134

Chapter 19

the passive sentences (the simple future tense)

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‘the future passive sentences’ mempunyai konstruksi will + be + past participle atau be going to + past participle. ‘be’ dalam the future passive sentences tidak mengalami perubahan. Bentuk negatif dari pasif ini adalah:

will + be + not + past participle.

Contoh:

(1)	subject + will be + past participle
	(a)	The car will be sold.
	(b)	It will be done immediately.

(2)	subject + be (am, is, are) going to + past participle
	(a)	The car is going to be sold.
	(b)	It is going to be done immediately.

Examples:

Salah	:	It will be fixes soon.
Salah	:	It will fix soon.
Salah	:	It will to fix soon.
Salah	:	It will fixing soon.
Salah	:	It will fixed soon.
Benar	:	It will be fixed soon.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

If you apply for a bank loan, you ____ to list your assets and liabilities.
1. will be required
2. will require
3. will requiring
4. will required
5. placeholder
Other genetically altered food ____ in the future.
1. will also sold
2. will also selling
3. will be also sell
4. will also be sold
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The victims
(A) will taken
to
(B) the hospital
to be
(C) treated
for acute
(D) dehydration
.
(E) placeholder
(A) The impressions
of the
(B) counterparts

(C) will based
on the letters
(D) they
receive.
(E) placeholder

Unit 135

Chapter 19

preposition 'by' in passive sentences

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Dalam kalimat pasif, obyek yang dianggap penting ditempatkan sebagai subyek kalimat. Jika pelaku perbuatan juga dianggap penting, maka pelaku perbuatan itu harus
disebutkan.
Penyebutan ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan preposisi by.

Contoh:

(a)	He was killed by a snake.
(b)	The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Examples:

Salah	:	He was raised for his mother.
Salah	:	He was raised from his mother.
Salah	:	He was raised under his mother.
Salah	:	He was raised with his mother.
Benar	:	He was raised by his mother.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Most capital goods are ____ the firm that uses them.
1. owned for
2. owned with
3. owned by
4. owned from
5. placeholder
Since December 1817 the White House has continued to be modified but ____ each succeeding U.S. president.
1. has been continuously occupied for
2. has been continuously occupied by
3. has been continuously occupied with
4. has been continuously occupied from
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It is important
(A) to note
that physical contact as
(B) a mode
of communication is regulated
(C) within

(D) cultures
.
(E) placeholder
(A) When
Westerners
(B) pay
Chinese people compliments, they are often surprised
(C) for
the fact that the Chinese people
(D) seem
to reject the compliments.
(E) placeholder

Unit 136

Chapter 19

passive sentences (the simple present tense, the simple past tense)

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‘passive sentences’ mempunyai konstruksi be + past participle. Bentuk perubahan be dalam kalimat pasif menentukan jenis tense dari kalimat pasif tersebut. Bentuk negatif dari pasif adalah be + not + past participle. Kalimat pasif digunakan jika pelaku perbuatan tersebut tidaklah penting. Kalimat pasif ini sering digunakan dalam tulisan ilmiah.

Perhatikan ringkasan berikut:

tense		be berubah menjadi:
(1)	the present tense	→	is/are
(2)	the past tense	→	was/were

Contoh:

(1)	the simple present tense subject + be (am/is/are) + past participle
	(a)	He is known as the prince of war.
	(b)	It is not made of gold.
	(c)	They are given an injection every day.

(2)	the simple past tense subject + be (was/were) + past participle
	(a)	The book was written a long time ago.
	(b)	He was not invited to the party.
	(c)	They were injured in the accident.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	English spoken all over the world.
	Salah	:	English speaks all over the world.
	Salah	:	English spoke all over the world.
	Salah	:	English be spoken all over the world.
	Salah	:	English be spoke all over the world.
	Benar	:	English is spoken all over the world.

2.	Salah	:	It stolen three days ago.
	Salah	:	It steals three days ago.
	Salah	:	It stole three days ago.
	Salah	:	It be stolen three days ago.
	Salah	:	It be stole three days ago.
	Benar	:	It was stolen three days ago.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

We will describe and illustrate how interest ____.
1. is computed
2. computed
3. computes
4. be computed
5. placeholder
The suffix -ist ____ to a word to mean ‘someone who’.
1. often adds
2. often added
3. is often added
4. is often add
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) In
many countries different
(B) denominations
of paper money
(C) printed
in different colors and often in
(D) different sizes
.
(E) placeholder
Television
(A) been blamed
for
(B) the
poor reading and writing
(C) of
our
(D) population
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 137

Chapter 19

passive sentences: the present and past continuous tense

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‘passive sentences’ dalam bentuk continuous tense mempunyai konstruksi be + being + past participle. Bentuk perubahan be dalam kalimat pasif menentukan jenis tense dari kalimat pasif tersebut. Bentuk negatif dari pasif adalah be + not + being + past participle. Kalimat pasif digunakan jika pelaku perbuatan tersebut tidaklah penting. Kalimat pasif ini sering digunakan dalam tulisan ilmiah.

Contoh:

(a)	(the present continuous tense)
	New ideas are being sought to overcome the problem.

(b)	(the past continuous tense)
	He was being questioned when I saw him.

Exercises:

1.	Salah	:	Every day, thousands of animals, including many species on the brink of extinction, are being looking after and nurtured in zoos across Australia.
	Benar	:	Every day, thousands of animals, including many species on the brink of extinction, are being looked after and nurtured in zoos across Australia.
2.	Salah	:	He suspected that the country’s legal system being used by those in power.
	Benar	:	He suspected that the country’s legal system was being used by those in power.
3.	Salah	:	Tests are being carry out on solar towers, in which a large number of mirrors focus the sun’s rays on one point on top of the tower, which stores the sun’s energy in molten salt, allowing the plant to generate power day and night.
	Benar	:	Tests are being carried out on solar towers, in which a large number of mirrors focus the sun’s rays on one point on top of the tower, which stores the sun’s energy in molten salt, allowing the plant to generate power day and night.
4.	Salah	:	The proposal is be made to ensure that there will be no political rivalry among soldiers and that they can focus on pursuing professionalism.
	Benar	:	The proposal is being made to ensure that there will be no political rivalry among soldiers and that they can focus on pursuing professionalism.
5.	Salah	:	Eco-labeling being used in several countries, such as eco-mark in Japan and groehnepoenkt in Germany.
	Benar	:	Eco-labeling is being used in several countries, such as eco-mark in Japan and groehnepoenkt in Germany.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Jollibee, the biggest fast-food restaurant in the Philippines, is local with a local product which ____ depending on customers’ needs.
1. is be constantly improved
2. is being constantly improving
3. is being constantly improved
4. is being constantly improve
5. placeholder
Diseases previously seen only in adults ____ in hefty children, who are likely to be overweight or obese as adults.
1. are now being diagnosed
2. are now be diagnosed
3. are now being diagnose
4. are now being diagnosing
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) It is
estimated that between 20 percent
(B) and
50 percent of
(C) the
world’s languages are no longer
(D) be
learned by children.
(E) placeholder
Recent storms, droughts and heat waves are
(A) probably

(B) be caused
by global warming, which
(C) means
the effect of climate change
(D) is coming
faster.
(E) placeholder

Unit 138

Chapter 19

missing auxiliary verbs in passive sentences

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Kalimat pasif mempunyai konstruksi subject + be + past participle.
‘be’ harus selalu digunakan.

Contoh:

(a)	the simple present tense:	be berubah menjadi am/is/are
	It is announced every day.
(b)	the simple past tense:	be berubah menjadi was/were
	The book was written three years ago.
(c)	the simple future tense:	be berubah menjadi be
	The report will be submitted to you soon.
(d)	the present continuous tense:	be berubah menjadi being
	The case is being investigated.
(e)	the past continuous tense:	be berubah menjadi being
	It was being discussed when you arrived.
(f)	the present perfect tense:	be berubah menjadi been
	It has been reported to him.
(g)	the past perfect tense:	be berubah menjadi been
	It had been reported to him before you told him.
(h)	the future perfect tense:	be berubah menjadi been
	The short story will have been finished by the time you come.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	The importance of taking measurements of any business best summarized with one statement - “If it can’t be measured, it can’t be improved”.
	Benar	:	The importance of taking measurements of any business is best summarized with one statement - “If it can’t be measured, it can’t be improved”.
2.	Salah	:	A process may described as the conversion of an input to an output via a series of value-adding or non-value-adding activities.
	Benar	:	A process may be described as the conversion of an input to an output via a series of value-adding or non-value-adding activities.
3.	Salah	:	He being questioned by the police now.
	Benar	:	He is being questioned by the police now.
4.	Salah	:	It has done already.
	Benar	:	It has been done already.
5.	Salah	:	Prior to starting a trip the car should aired properly.
	Benar	:	Prior to starting a trip the car should be aired properly.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

African elephants are the largest living mammals and ____.
1. are now seriously endangered
2. now seriously endangered
3. are now endangering
4. that are endangered
5. placeholder
Food habits ____ to vary considerably across countries and regions.
1. have being known
2. have been knowing
3. have known
4. have been known
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

A free trade zone (FTZ) is an area
(A) that
is located within a nation, but
(B) considered
outside
(C) of
the
(D) customs
territory of the nation.
(E) placeholder
(A) Among
the many corrupt practices
(B) that
international marketers face, bribery
(C) considered
the most endemic and murky aspect of conducting business
(D) abroad
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 139

Chapter 19

anticipatory it in passive sentences

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‘anticipatory’ ‘it’ ini digunakan dalam kalimat pasif dan diikuti oleh that-clause.
Kalimat yang demikian mempunyai konstruksi:

It is believed/said/known/thought/written/hypothesized + that-clause

Contoh:

(1)	It is said that he was buried alive.
(2)	It is believed that he is a wizard.
(3)	It is thought that this disease is not contagious.

Examples:

Salah	:	It is hypothesized that monkeys the cleverest animals.
Salah	:	It is hypothesized that monkeys be the cleverest animals.
Salah	:	It is hypothesized that monkeys to be cleverest animals.
Salah	:	It is hypothesized that monkeys being the cleverest animals.
Salah	:	It is hypothesized that monkey to be the cleverest animals
Benar	:	It is hypothesized that monkeys are the cleverest animals.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

It is estimated that around 30% of the cost of manufacture ____.
1. is in waste
2. in waste
3. is being in waste
4. to be in waste
5. placeholder
Traditionally, it ____ that there has been a tradeoff between quality and cost.
1. be believed
2. been believed
3. is believed
4. being believed
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

It
(A) not yet know
n how many people died or
(B) were hurt
in this storm, but it
(C) is estimated
that the number
(D) will be
very high.
(E) placeholder
It
(A) knows
that
(B) supply
and demand
(C) interact
to produce an
(D) equilibrium
price and quantity, or a market equilibrium.
(E) placeholder

Unit 140

Chapter 19

'be to' in passive sentences

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‘be to’ (am/is/are + to) digunakan untuk menyatakan apa yang kita inginkan di masa yang akan datang. Bentuk pasif dari be to adalah be + to be + past participle. ‘was/were + to be + past participle’ digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang ingin dilaksanakan di masa lampau tetapi tidak terpenuhi.

Contoh:

(1)	be (am/is/are) + to + be + past participle
	(a)	The meeting is to be rescheduled.
	(b)	His work is to be finished on schedule.

(2)	be (was/were) + to + be + past participle
	(a)	The work was to be finished yesterday.
	(b)	The goods were to be exported a week ago.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Her homework is to do by the end of this week.
	Salah	:	Her homework is to doing by the end of this week.
	Salah	:	Her homework is to did by the end of this week.
	Salah	:	Her homework is to be doing by the end of this week.
	Benar	:	Her homework is to be done by the end of this week.
2.	Salah	:	You were to inform if there was something wrong.
	Salah	:	You were to informing if there was something wrong.
	Salah	:	You were to informed if there was something wrong.
	Salah	:	You were to be informing if there was something wrong.
	Salah	:	You were to be inform if there was something wrong.
	Benar	:	You were to be informed if there was something wrong.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Although Motorola established a 300 dollar-plus manufacturing venture in China, the marketing and sales of products ____ via a range of equity joint ventures with local partners.
1. is to be done
2. is to do
3. is to be doing
4. is to be do
5. placeholder
After a ten-year battle, French children ____ their national hymn after a vote by French ministers.
1. are to make to learn
2. are to be made to learn
3. are be made to learn
4. are to be make to learn
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

A second run-way is
(A) to being
built at
(B) Thailand's
airport on Thailand’s resort island of Phuket to handle the
(C) growing
number of tourists flying to
(D) the
premier destination.
(E) placeholder
The haze problem is to
(A) given
the
(B) involvement
of the two countries
(C) in
illegal
(D) logging
businesses.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 20 5 Units

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Unit 141

Chapter 20

modal auxiliary verb + infinitive

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‘modal auxiliary verbs’ adalah kata-kata seperti: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would yang digunakan bersama kata kerja utama (infinitive) dan ditempatkan setelah subyek dan sebelum kata kerja utama (subject + modal auxiliary verb + infinitive). Kata kerja utama yang mengikuti modal auxiliary
verb harus dalam bentuk infinitive.
Contoh : He can play the guitar.

Kita tidak dapat mengatakan: I will can do my homework, tetapi I will be able to do my homework.
Jika tidak ada kata kerja utama kita harus menggunakan kata kerja bantu be.
Contoh: He will be successful.

1.	‘can’ mempunyai arti:
	ability (kemampuan), permission (izin), request (permintaan), possibility (kemungkinan), surprise (keterkejutan), typical (istimewa), proposal (usulan), decision (keputusan)

2.	‘could’ mempunyai arti:
	permission (izin), polite request (permintaan sopan), possibility (kemungkinan), suggestion (usulan)

3.	‘may’ mempunyai arti:
	permission (izin), polite request (permintaan sopan), wish (keinginan), purpose (tujuan),

4.	‘might’ mempunyai arti:
	possibility (kemungkinan), permission (izin), suggestion (usulan), request (permintaan), asking for information (menanyakan informasi)

5.	‘must’ mempunyai arti:
	necessity (keperluan), conclusion (kesimpulan), insistence (bersikeras), opinion (pendapat), irritating questions (pertanyaan yang mengesalkan), advising or recommending (menasehatkan)

6.	‘shall’ mempunyai arti:
	future (masa depan), determination (tekad), proposal (usulan), order (perintah), threats (ancaman), obligation (kewajiban)

7.	‘should’ mempunyai arti:
	obligation (kewajiban), suggestion (usulan), polite request (permintan sopan), possibility (kemungkinan), expectation (harapan)

8.	‘will’ mempunyai arti:
	future (masa depan), likely (kemungkinan), request (permintaan), order (perintah), willing (keinginan), always (selalu), present characteristic habits (kebiasaan khas sekarang), bother (gangguan), announcement (pengumuman), determination (tekad), threats (ancaman), promises (janji)

9.	‘would’ mempunyai arti:
	possibility (kemungkinan), wish (keinginan), intention (maksud), purpose (tujuan), request (permintaan), offer (tawaran), preference (lebih menyukai), opinion (pendapat), past habits (kebiasaan di masa lampau), often (sering)

Examples:

Salah	:	I must to go now.
Salah	:	I must going now.
Salah	:	I must went now.
Salah	:	I must gone now.
Salah	:	I must can go now.
Benar	:	I must go now.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

You may, with a little extra work, ____ this on time.
1. to finish
2. finishing
3. finished
4. finish
5. placeholder
He should ____ here any minute.
1. be
2. being
3. been
4. to be
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Children
of
(B) divorced parents
should
(C) lives
with their mothers,
(D) not
their fathers.
(E) placeholder
One of the ways that the Federal Reserve,
(A) known
as the Fed, can
(B) controlling
the money supply is to lower or to raise the discount rate, the interest rate
(C) at which
commercial banks
(D) borrow
from the Fed.
(E) placeholder

Unit 142

Chapter 20

logical conclusions for repeated events must infinitive

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‘must’ + infinitive digunakan untuk menyimpulkan suatu kejadian yang terjadi sehari-hari atau secara teratur yang masih berlaku.

Contoh 1:
He always wears expensive and branded clothes; he must be rich.
[Dia selalu mengenakan pakaian yang mahal dan bermerek; dia pasti kaya.
(saya menyimpulkan bahwa dia kaya.)]

Contoh 2:
They were in the same class; he must know her.
[Mereka ada di kelas yang sama; dia pasti mengenal dia.
(saya menyimpulkan bahwa dia mengenal dia.)]

Examples:

Salah	:	She can hate him as she doesn’t want to see him anymore.
Salah	:	She must hating him as she doesn’t want to see him anymore.
Salah	:	She must have hated him as she doesn’t want to see him anymore.
Salah	:	She must be hate him as she doesn’t want to see him anymore
Benar	:	She must hate him as she doesn’t want to see him anymore.

Untuk menyatakan keyakinan bahwa sesuatu itu tidak mungkin terjadi, kita menggunakan can’t.
Contoh: You have just drunk a glass of water. You can’t be thirsty now.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Her Chinese is very good; she ____ a lot.
1. must be practice
2. must practiced
3. must practicing
4. must practice
5. placeholder
She sleeps early every day; she ____ early every morning.
1. must get up
2. must getting up
3. must be get up
4. must got up
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

He
(A) must not
be a good
(B) employee
as he has
(C) changed
his job three
(D) times
in a year.
(E) placeholder
She must
(A) have earned
a lot as she
(B) works
in a big company and
(C) speaks
four foreign
(D) languages
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 143

Chapter 20

logical conclusions for going-on events (the present progressive form of must), must + be + verb + ing, must + be + adjective

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‘must’ + be + verb + ing dan must + be + adjective menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau keadaan yang kita simpulkan sedang terjadi saat ini (sekarang). Kita harus ingat
bahwa ide dari sedang berlangsung itu yang ditekankan.

Contoh:

(a)	Nobody picked up the phone; he must be sleeping (now).
	[(Tidak ada yang mengangkat telepon; dia pasti sedang tidur (sekarang).]

(b)	He is not here; he must be in his office (now).
	[(Dia tidak ada di sini; dia pasti sedang berada di kantornya (sekarang).]

Examples:

Salah	:	They are shouting at each other; they should be quarreling.
Salah	:	They are shouting at each other; they must have quarreled.
Salah	:	They are shouting at each other; they must quarrel.
Salah	:	They are shouting at each other; they must quarreling
Salah	:	They are shouting at each other; they must to quarrel
Benar	:	They are shouting at each other; they must be quarreling.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

She ____ now because nobody picked up the phone.
1. must be going out
2. must go out
3. should be going out
4. must going out
5. placeholder
She is absent; she ____ again (now).
1. must sick
2. must be sick
3. must have been sick
4. must be
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Since he
(A) is
still
(B) alive
, he
(C) must
a hundred
(D) years
old now.
(E) placeholder
Students
(A) entering
the room
(B) are
carrying wet
(C) umbrellas
; it must
(D) rain
outside.
(E) placeholder

Unit 144

Chapter 20

must have + past participle

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‘must have + past participle’ adalah bentuk lampau dari must + infinitive.
‘must have + past participle’ menunjukkan suatu kesimpulan akan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau. Jangan menggunakan should have, can have untuk arti yang demikian.

Contoh 1: He must have done it.
Kalimat ini mempunyai arti:
‘It is inferred/concluded that he did it’ atau ‘We/I conclude that he did it’.

Contoh 2: He must have been out of his mind.
Kalimat di atas mempunyai arti:
‘It is inferred/concluded that he was out of his mind’.

Examples:

Salah	:	The car wouldn’t start; it should have run out of gas.
Salah	:	The car wouldn’t start; it can have run out of gas.
Salah	:	The car wouldn’t start; it must run out of gas.
Salah	:	The car wouldn’t start; it must be run out of gas.
Benar	:	The car wouldn’t start; it must have run out of gas.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

He didn’t pass the test; he ____ studied harder.
1. mustn’t have
2. can’t have
3. should have
4. could have
5. placeholder
He doesn’t have his wallet; he ____ it on the plane.
1. must have left
2. must have
3. can’t have left
4. should have
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Before
(A) the
employer paid the
(B) employee's
federal tax, he must
(C) withhold
a portion of employee
(D) earnings
for it.
(E) placeholder
(A) The
President must
(B) discuss
the matter
(C) with
the Congress before he declared war
(D) on
an enemy.
(E) placeholder

Unit 145

Chapter 20

missing auxiliary verb in active sentences

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‘auxiliary verbs’ digunakan untuk membentuk:

(a)	the present continuous tense (am/is/are + verb + ing)
	He is reading a book.

(b)	the past continuous tense (was/were + verb + ing)
	He was reading a book when you came.

(c)	the future tense (will + infinitive)
	He will read a book tomorrow.

(d)	the perfect tense (have/has + past participle)
	He has read a book.

(e)	sentences with modal auxiliary verbs (modal auxiliary verb + infinitive)
	He should read a book.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Brand loyalty disappearing, and people will buy on the basis of service not products.
	Benar	:	Brand loyalty is disappearing, and people will buy on the basis of service not products.
2.	Salah	:	He lecturing while the students were listening.
	Benar	:	He was lecturing while the students were listening.
3.	Salah	:	If you dress well, smile, stand tall and are courteous to everyone, confidence radiated from you.
	Benar	:	If you dress well, smile, stand tall and are courteous to everyone, confidence will radiate from you.
4.	Salah	:	He been seriously ill for the past few days.
	Benar	:	He has been seriously ill for the past few days.
5.	Salah	:	Hopefully, everyone who reads this book derive benefit from it.
	Benar	:	Hopefully, everyone who reads this book will/can derive benefit from it.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Small electrical items ____ well for some time, and their market is small but growing.
1. been selling
2. selling
3. have been selling
4. have selling
5. placeholder
More chain stores and distributors ____ computer network to regulate flows of merchandise between warehouses and minimize expenses.
1. using
2. are using
3. been using
4. have using
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Asian
companies
(B) have
less successful
(C) in
building global brands
(D) than
American or European companies.
(E) placeholder
The investment guarantees
(A) that
Chinese consumers
(B) continue
to receive superior products and
(C) first-class
service that Kodak is famous
(D) for
.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 21 4 Units

Miscellaneous 1

Unit 146

Chapter 21

am/is/are used to + noun / verb ing (present custom), was/were used to + noun / verb ing (past custom)

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‘used to’ + infinitive digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau.

Contoh:

(a)	I used to smoke when I was still a teenager.
	(Saya dulu merokok ketika saya masih remaja.)
(b)	I used to live in Jakarta.
	(Saya dulu tinggal di Jakarta.)

‘am/is/are used to’ + noun/verb + ing digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kebiasaan yang masih berlangsung sampai sekarang, sedangkan ‘was/were used to’ + noun/ verb + ing digunakan untuk kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau seperti juga used to + infinitive.

Contoh:

(a)	I am used to smoking.
	(Saya terbiasa merokok.)
(b)	He is used to getting up early.
	(Dia terbiasa bangun pagi.)
(c)	Sarah is used to his bad habit.
	(Sarah terbiasa dengan kebiasaan jeleknya.)

Examples:

Salah	:	I used to studying hard when I was young.
Salah	:	I was used to study hard when I was young.
Salah	:	I am used to study hard when I was young.
Salah	:	I use to study hard when I was young
Salah	:	I was use to study hard when I was young.
Benar	:	I used to study hard when I was young.
Benar	:	I was used to studying hard when I was young.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

She ____ breakfast.
1. was not used to have
2. was not used to having
3. was not use to having
4. was not use to have
5. placeholder
He ____ English at the university.
1. used to teaching
2. is used to teach
3. use to teach
4. used to teach
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Most of us
used to
(B) believing
that the world
(C) was
not round until our parents
(D) that
us that it was not so.
(E) placeholder
Today many children are
(A) used
to
(B) watch
TV for
(C) hours
instead of
(D) reviewing
their lessons at home.
(E) placeholder

Unit 147

Chapter 21

had better (advising)

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‘had better’ + infinitive digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu nasihat. Bentuk negatif dari had better adalah had better not.

Contoh:

(a)	You had better go home early. Your family is waiting for you.
(b)	You had better not talk so rudely.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	You had better hurrying.
	Salah	:	You had better to hurry.
	Salah	:	You had better to hurrying.
	Salah	:	You had better hurried.
	Benar	:	You had better hurry.
2.	Salah	:	You had better don’t hurry.
	Salah	:	You had not better hurry.
	Salah	:	You had better no hurry.
	Salah	:	You had better no hurrying.
	Salah	:	You had better not to hurry.
	Benar	:	You had better not hurry.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

We ____ the party because it’s no fun at all.
1. had better leave
2. had better left
3. had better leaving
4. had better to leave
5. placeholder
You ____ here.
1. had better don’t come
2. had better not come
3. had not better come
4. had better no coming
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

In this computer
(A) age
, in order to be
(B) competitive
, all of us had better
(C) equipped
ourselves with the know-how
(D) to operate
the computer.
(E) placeholder
You
(A) had better

(B) don't
see the film as there
(C) is
a lot of
(D) violence
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 148

Chapter 21

subject + verb

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Kalimat bahasa Inggris yang baik adalah kalimat yang mengandung subject + verb. Jika sebuah kalimat tidak mempunyai kata kerja utama, kita harus menggunakan kata kerja bantu: be [am/is/are (present tense) dan was/were (past tense)]. Hal ini berbeda dengan bahasa Indonesia yang boleh tidak mempunyai kata kerja.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	In short, too soon to make a decision now.
	Benar	:	In short, it is too soon to make a decision now.
2.	Salah	:	Do you know that the meeting over?
	Benar	:	Do you know that the meeting is over?
3.	Salah	:	He always happy.
	Benar	:	He is always happy.
4.	Salah	:	The shoes that I bought costing twenty dollars.
	Benar	:	The shoes that I bought cost twenty dollars.
5.	Salah	:	The man next-door with long hair and a sharp nose.
	Benar	:	The man next door has long hair and a sharp nose.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The book with a green cover ____ my sister.
1. belongs to
2. belonging to
3. being
4. is
5. placeholder
This house ____ a green roof.
1. with
2. has
3. having
4. being
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

The
(A) invention
of the computer
(B) that has
made
(C) work
in the office easier
(D) for
all of us.
(E) placeholder
It
(A) with
much regret that we have to upgrade our computer
(B) hardware
in order to
(C) keep
up with the
(D) latest
development.
(E) placeholder

Unit 149

Chapter 21

negative imperative and request sentences

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Kalimat perintah negatif (negative imperative sentences) dimulai dengan Don’t + infinitive.

Contoh:

(a)	Don’t smoke in the house.
(b)	Don’t leave me alone.

Jika kalimat tersebut tidak mempunyai kata kerja, kita menggunakan kata kerja bantu be bentuk pertama (infinitive), yaitu be itu sendiri.

Contoh:

(a)	Don’t be late.
(b)	Don’t be slow.

Kalimat permintaaan negatif (negative request sentences) dimulai dengan Would you please not + infinitive.

Contoh:

(a)	Would you please not go away.
(b)	Would you please not park your car here.

Jika kalimat tidak mempunyai kata kerja, gunakan be.

Contoh:

(a)	Would you please not be noisy.
(b)	Would you please not be lazy.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Would you please don’t come late.
	Salah	:	Would you please not be come late.
	Salah	:	Would you please not to come late.
	Salah	:	Would you please not coming late.
	Salah	:	Would you please not came late.
	Benar	:	Would you please not come late.
	Benar	:	Please don’t come late.
2.	Salah	:	Please don’t panic.
	Salah	:	Please not panic.
	Salah	:	Please not be panic.
	Salah	:	Please don’t to panic.
	Salah	:	Please don’t panicking.
	Salah	:	Please no panic.
	Benar	:	Would you please not panic.
	Benar	:	Please don’t panic.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Would you please ____.
1. not worry
2. not be worry
3. not to worry
4. not worrying
5. placeholder
Would you please ____ the door.
1. not close
2. don’t close
3. not closing
4. not to close
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Please don’t
(A) going
far away as it is going to
(B) be
dark
(C) soon
, and you may get
(D) lost
in the forest.
(E) placeholder
Would you
(A) did
it
(B) carefully
.
(C) Otherwise
things will go
(D) wrong
easily.
(E) placeholder

Chapter 22 17 Units

Clauses

Unit 150

Chapter 22

relative pronouns: 'who' for 'person', 'which' for 'thing'

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Unit 151

Chapter 22

relative pronoun: which, who

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Unit 152

Chapter 22

relative pronoun 'whose'

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Unit 153

Chapter 22

independent clauses

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Unit 154

Chapter 22

subordinate clauses

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Unit 155

Chapter 22

a noun clause needs a verb

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Unit 156

Chapter 22

missing verb and clause markers in adjective clauses modifying the subject

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Unit 157

Chapter 22

adjective clauses; modifying the object

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Unit 158

Chapter 22

adjective clauses can modify subjects or objects

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Unit 159

Chapter 22

once + noun phrase, + clause, once + clause

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Unit 160

Chapter 22

noun clauses/that clauses as subjective complements when-clause of condition

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Unit 161

Chapter 22

when-clause of condition

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Unit 162

Chapter 22

while + noun/prepositional phrase, + clause, when + clause, + clause

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Unit 163

Chapter 22

'where' clause

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Unit 164

Chapter 22

so that - clause of result

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Unit 165

Chapter 22

that - clauses as subjects of sentences

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Unit 166

Chapter 22

adjective clauses yang menggunakan 'of which' dengan ekspresi kuantitas (some of, a few of, each of, both of, neither of, many of dan lain-lain)

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Chapter 23 7 Units

Miscellaneous 2

Unit 167

Chapter 23

one, another, the other

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‘one’ mempunyai arti satu. ‘another’ mempunyai arti satu tambahan sesuatu yang tidak spesifik dan the other mempunyai arti satu yang tersisa (sesuatu yang spesifik). ‘one’, another dan the other dapat digunakan baik dengan countable noun (kata benda yang bisa dihitung) maupun tanpa kata benda. ‘one’, another dan the other dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan tiga benda yang berurutan. ‘one’ digunakan dengan kata benda yang disebutkan untuk pertama kalinya, sedangkan another dan the other dapat digunakan dengan kata benda atau tidak menggunakan kata benda.

Contoh:
one + singular countable noun, + another + (singular countable noun) + the other (singular countable noun)

(a)	One boy is in the classroom, another (boy) is in front of the classroom, and the other (boy) is in the library.
(b)	One train leaves at four, another (train) leaves at five, and the other (train) leaves at six.

Untuk menyatakan dua benda yang berurutan, kita menggunakan one dan the other.
Contoh:
one + singular countable noun , the other + (singular countable noun)

(a)	One boy is in the classroom, and the other (boy) is in the library.
(b)	One train leaves at four, and the other (train) leaves at five.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	One question has been answered, another is still being answered, and another is waiting to be answered.
	Benar	:	One question has been answered, another is still being answered, and the other is waiting to be answered.
2.	Salah	:	One boy arrived early, the other arrived on time, and the other arrived late.
	Benar	:	One boy arrived early, another arrived on time, and the other arrived late.
3.	Salah	:	Of the three most visited vacation destinations, one is Bali, the other is Thailand, and the other is China.
	Benar	:	Of the three most visited vacation destinations, one is Bali, another is Thailand, and the other is China.
4.	Salah	:	There are three most widely used dictionaries: one is from Oxford, other is from Cambridge and the other is from Longman.
	Benar	:	There are three most widely used dictionaries: one is from Oxford, another is from Cambridge, and the other is from Longman.
5.	Salah	:	Of the two books, one has been published, and another is going to be published next month.
	Benar	:	Of the two books, one has been published, and the other is going to be published next month.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

One recreational activity can be more intellectual, another is more emotional and ____ is more physical.
1. the other
2. another
3. other
4. others
5. placeholder
____ is doing jigsaw puzzles to hone visuo-spatial skills, another is working on crossword puzzle for verbal skills and the other is playing bridge for memory.
1. A way to stay sharp
2. One way to stay sharp
3. The way to stay sharp
4. Another way to stay sharp
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

There are two disadvantages to
(A) using
email.
(B) on a side
, gone are tone of voice, nuance and individuality,
(C) on the other side
, gone are audio and visual clues _to_ personality.
(E) placeholder
There are three problems.
(A) One
is teachers making
(B) discouraging
comments;
(C) other
is teachers lacking fundamental ideas of writing;
(D) the other
is teachers having no writing experience in publishing their work in the media.
(E) placeholder

Unit 168

Chapter 23

some students, other students, the other students; some, others, the others (the rest)

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‘some’, other dan the other ditempatkan di depan plural countable noun.

Contoh:
some + plural countable noun, + other + plural countable noun, the other + plural countable noun

(a)	Some students came late, other students came early, and the other students came on time.
(b)	Some books are English books, other books are Chinese books, and the other books are Indonesian books.
(c)	Some shoes are expensive, and other shoes are cheap. Or Some shoes are expensive, and others are cheap.

Kita dapat menggantikan other books dengan others dan the other books dengan the others. Kita juga dapat menggantikan the others dengan the rest.

Contoh:

(a)	Some students came late, others came early, and the others /the rest came on time.
(b)	Some books are English books, others are Chinese books, and the others/the rest are Indonesian books.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Some clothes belong to me, the other clothes belong to my sister, and the other clothes belong to my father.
	Benar	:	Some clothes belong to me, other clothes belong to my sister, and the other clothes belong to my father.
	Benar	:	Some clothes belong to me, others belong to my sister, and the others belong to my father.
2.	Salah	:	Some houses are big, other houses are small, and rest are of medium size.
	Benar	:	Some houses are big, other houses are small, and the rest are of medium size.
	Benar	:	Some houses are big, others are small, and the rest are of medium size.
3.	Salah	:	Some boys like swimming, others like basketball, and others like football.
	Benar	:	Some boys like swimming, other boys like basketball, and the other boys like football.
	Benar	:	Some boys like swimming, others like basketball, and the others like football.
4.	Salah	:	Some of the watches were made in England, other watches were made in Switzerland, and the rest of watches were made in Japan.
	Benar	:	Some of the watches were made in England, other watches were made in Switzerland, and the rest of the watches were made in Japan.
	Benar	:	Some of the watches were made in England, others were made in Switzerland, and the rest were made in Japan.
5.	Salah	:	Some products are for the export market, and other are for the domestic market.
	Benar	:	Some products are for the export market, and other products are for the domestic market.
	Benar	:	Some products are for the export market, and others are for the domestic market.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

____ want an impressive-sounding name that will imply a big business and others like to have their personal names on the letterhead and the envelope.
1. Other people
2. Some other people
3. Some of people
4. Some people
5. placeholder
Some students plan to work after graduation and ____ want to go to college.
1. other
2. others
3. others students
4. the other student
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Some
of
(B) the
products are of good quality,
(C) other
are of fair quality, and
(D) the rest
are of bad quality.
(E) placeholder
Some people,
(A) like
Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, believe that dreams help us move
(B) toward
satisfaction and contentment,
(C) the other
are of the view that they are vital
(D) to
our mental stability.
(E) placeholder

Unit 169

Chapter 23

dates

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Ada dua cara untuk menyatakan tanggal, yaitu dengan cara British English dan American English. Cara menyatakan tanggal adalah dengan menggunakan ordinal number, yaitu (the) first, second, third, fourth, fifth, …. Gunakan preposisi on.

(1)	the + ordinal number + of + month (British English)
	(a)	She was born on the tenth of May
	(b)	We will have a party on the twenty-third of September.

(2)	month + ordinal number (American English)
	(a)	Her wedding day will be on December nineteenth.
	(b)	I would like to make a reservation for two nights from June first to June third.

Perhatikan cara penulisan tanggal dengan menggunakan angka:

(1)	British English: 10/10th May 1993 or 10.5.1993
(2)	American English: May 10 1993 or 5.10.1993

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Christmas is on December twenty five.
	Benar	:	Christmas is on December twenty-fifth.
	Benar	:	Christmas is on the twenty-fifth of December.
2.	Salah	:	Independence Day in Indonesia is seventeenth of August.
	Benar	:	Independence Day in Indonesia is the seventeenth of August.
	Benar	:	Independence Day in Indonesia is August, seventeenth.
3.	Salah	:	She was born on May the tenth nineteen ninety three.
	Benar	:	She was born on May tenth nineteen ninety-three.
	Benar	:	She was born on the tenth of May nineteen ninety-three.
4.	Salah	:	The party will be held on twenty third of September.
	Benar	:	The party will be held on the twenty-third of September.
	Benar	:	The party will be held on September, twenty-third.
5.	Salah	:	School will start on five of March.
	Benar	:	School will start on the fifth of March.
	Benar	:	School will start on March fifth.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

She was born on ____.
1. the tenth May nineteen ninety-three
2. tenth May nineteen ninety-three
3. ten May nineteen ninety-three
4. May tenth nineteen ninety-three
5. placeholder
The following announcement appeared in the local newspaper on ___.
1. September twenty-three nineteen ninety-five
2. twenty-three September niniteen ninety-five
3. twenty-third September ninety ninety-five
4. the twenty-third of September nineteen ninety-five
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

(A) Born
on
(B) October four
, he was educated
(D) in
one of the best
(C) academies
in America.
(E) placeholder
The leader escaped and disappeared
(A) from
public
(B) view
after U.S
(C) forces
stormed into Baghdad on
(D) April nine
, two thousand and three.
(E) placeholder

Unit 170

Chapter 23

shorter phrases preferable

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Frasa yang pendek lebih disukai daripada frasa yang panjang kecuali tidak ada pilihan frasa yang pendek. Kita lebih baik mengatakan slowly daripada ‘in a slow manner’.

Contoh:

(a)	He went into the kitchen quietly daripada ‘He went into the kitchen in a quiet manner.’
(b)	She talks politely daripada ‘she talks in a polite manner.’

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He speaks in a soft manner.
	Benar	:	He speaks softly.
2.	Salah	:	They though about it in a serious manner.
	Benar	:	They thought about it seriously.
3.	Salah	:	She behaves in a rude manner.
	Benar	:	She behaves rudely.
4.	Salah	:	He talked to us in a courteous manner.
	Benar	:	He talked to us courteously.
5.	Salah	:	They fought in a brave manner.
	Benar	:	They fought bravely.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Please do your work ____.
1. in a relaxed manner
2. in a relaxing manner
3. relaxingly
4. relaxedly
5. placeholder
Men and women are different because the slight differences in the way their brains are constructed lead the sexes to process information ____.
1. in difference
2. in a difference
3. in different ways
4. differently
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

What
(A) is
even more significant is
(B) the fact
that the election
(C) proceeded
in
(D) a peaceful manner
.
(E) placeholder
They
(A) built
everything
(B) from
scratch but
(C) managed
to organize election
(D) in a timely fashion
.
(E) placeholder

Unit 171

Chapter 23

words with the same meaning

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Kita harus menghilangkan dua kata dengan arti yang sama seperti: repeat again, return back, nearly almost, sufficiently/adequately enough, a young/small baby, advanced forward quickly, new innovations, an old ancient house, a big giant building, a big elephant, sweet honey, sweet sugar, a small tiny insect, last final years, would like to want, fake insincere smiles.

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	He spent his last final years in Holland.
	Benar	:	He spent his last/final years in Holland.
2.	Salah	:	The moment once you talk to her, you will like her.
	Benar	:	The moment / Once you talk to her, you will like her.
3.	Salah	:	If you would like to want to experience drama, danger and mistrust firsthand, just go to work every day.
	Benar	:	If you would like/want to experience drama, danger and mistrust firsthand, just go to work every day.
4.	Salah	:	There are more fake insincere smiles in the office than in high school.
	Benar	:	There are more fake/insincere smiles in the office than in high school.
5.	Salah	:	He advanced forward quickly to take the money.
	Benar	:	He advanced quickly to take the money.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

The advantage is that one can jump to several functions and ____ to the same place in the menu structure.
1. come back again
2. come back
3. come again
4. come
5. placeholder
Moonlighting teachers and the lack of toilets in ____ schools are among the reasons for alarming levels of the absence of elementary school teachers.
1. a lot of many
2. many plenty of
3. many
4. lots of many
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Those who talk on the phone while
(A) driving
are
(B) potentially
hazardous not only to
(C) themselves
but also to other motorists
(D) as well
.
(E) placeholder
The administration
(A) has
asked for $10 million to help companies
(B) switch
to
(C) better and more efficient
ways of producing influenza vaccine, a process that takes
(D) months and hundreds
of millions of specially raised chicken eggs.
(E) placeholder

Unit 172

Chapter 23

the first book, book one

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Kita menggunakan the dengan ordinal numbers (first, second, third, fourth) dan tanpa ‘the’ dengan cardinal numbers (one, two, three, four).

Berikut adalah ordinal numbers:

the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh,
the eighth, the ninth, the tenth, the eleventh, the twelfth, the thirteenth,
the fourteenth, the fifteenth, the sixteenth, the seventeenth, the eighteenth,
the nineteenth, the twentieth

the twenty-first, the twenty-second, the twenty-third, …
the thirtieth, the fortieth, the fiftieth, the sixtieth, the seventieth, the eightieth, the ninetieth, the one hundredth
the one hundred and sixteenth

Berikut adalah cardinal numbers:

One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen,
fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one

thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred, one thousand,
one hundred and sixteen

Contoh:

(1)	the + an ordinal number (first, second, third) + singular countable noun
	(a)	The second book will be published soon.
	(b)	I am still writing the third book.

(2)	singular countable noun + a cardinal number
	(a)	Book two will be published soon.
	(b)	I am still writing chapter three.

Kita mengatakan Books 2 and 3. (‘books’ dalam bentuk jamak)

Examples:

1.	Salah	:	Please study the four chapter.
	Benar	:	Please study the fourth chapter.
	Benar	:	Please study chapter four.
2.	Salah	:	I am staying in 203 room.
	Benar	:	I am staying in room 203.
3.	Salah	:	I am writing second book.
	Benar	:	I am writing the second book.
	Benar	:	I am writing book two.
4.	Salah	:	She turned out to be winner first.
	Benar	:	She turned out to be the first winner.
5.	Salah	:	For departure, please proceed to gate third.
	Benar	:	For departure, please proceed to gate three.
	Benar	:	For departure, please proceed to the third gate.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

Legend has it that Marco polo brought back the recipe for ice cream from China to Italy ____.
1. in the thirteen century
2. in the thirteenth century
3. in thirteenth century
4. in thirteen century
5. placeholder
For details on how to operate the machine, please see ____.
1. the page twenty-five
2. page twenty-five
3. pages twenty-five
4. the twenty five-page
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

As the temperature
(A) reaches
96 degrees for
(B) the eight day
in a row,
(C) thousands
of people are escaping the heat by
(D) going
to the beach.
(E) placeholder
(A) Monetary
union in
(B) Europe
is one of the greatest
(C) experiments
of the
(D) twenty
century.
(E) placeholder

Unit 173

Chapter 23

derivational forms

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Akhiran dari suatu kata dapat memberitahukan kita jenis kata apa suatu kata itu.

Contoh:

(1)	Kata benda yang berasal dari kata kerja
	(a)	akhiran -age
		break → breakage, carry → carriage, cover → coverage, leak → leakage, link → linkage, marry → marriage, store → storage, waste → wastage
	(b)	akhiran -al
		arrive → arrival, dismiss → dismissal, refuse → refusal
	(c)	akhiran -ance, -ence
		accept → acceptance, assist → assistance, confide → confidence, remember → remembrance
	(d)	akhiran -ery
		bribe → bribery, expire → expiry, hatch → hatchery, rob → robbery, slip → slippery
	(e)	akhiran -ment
		advertise → advertisement, agree → agreement, asses → assessment, commit → commitment, develop → development, engage → engagement, entertain → entertainment
	(f)	akhiran -ion
		act → action, add → addition, confess → confession, consider → consideration, hesitate → hesitation, impress → impression, nominate → nomination, organize → organization
	(g)	akhiran -ure
		close → closure, depart → departure, expose → exposure, mix → mixture, please → pleasure, seize → seizure
	(h)	akhiran -th
		bathe → bath, breathe → breath, die → death, grow → growth, heal → health
	(i)	akhiran -ing
		begin → beginning, brief → briefing, end → ending, talk → talking, teach → teaching

(2)	Kata benda yang berasal dari kata sifat
	(a)	akhiran -(i)ty
		active → activity, creative → creativity, honest → honesty, responsible → responsibility, stupid → stupidity
	(b)	akhiran -ness
		happy →happiness, lonely →loneliness, sad →sadness, strange → strangeness
	(c)	akhiran -th
		deep → depth, long → length, strong → strength, true → truth, young → youth, warm → warmth
	(d)	akhiran -ance, -ence
		brilliant → brilliance, intelligent → intelligence, relevant → relevance

(3)	Kata sifat yang berasal dari kata benda
	(a)	akhiran -(i)al
		accident →’accidental, center → central, ceremony → ceremonial, nature → natural
	(b)	akhiran -ar
		circle → circular, family → familiar, muscle → muscular, single → singular
	(c)	akhiran -ary
		budget → budgetary, custom → customary, planet → planetary, revolution → revolutionary
	(d)	akhiran -less
		fear → fearless, hope → hopeless, pain → painless, power → powerless, use → useless
	(e)	akhiran -ful
		fear → fearful, hope → hopeful, pain → painful, power → powerful, use → useful
	(f)	akhiran -en
		gold → golden, silk → silken, wood → wooden
	(g)	akhiran -ish
		boy → boyish, child → childish, self → selfish, style → stylish
	(h)	akhiran -ic(al)
		hero → heroic, music → musical, science → scientific, system → systematical, tropic → tropical
	(i)	akhiran -like
		child → childlike, lady → ladylike, war → warlike
	(j)	akhiran -ly
		coward → cowardly, father → fatherly, friend → friendly, life → lively
	(k)	akhiran -ous
		adventure → adventurous, caution → cautious, courage → courageous, fame → famous
	(l)	akhiran -y
		ice → icy, juice → juicy, noise → noisy, smoke → smoky, sun → sunny, water → watery
	(m)	akhiran -some
		fear → fearsome, quarrel → quarrelsome, trouble → troublesome
	(n)	akhiran -ate
		affection → affectionate, fortune → fortunate, passion → passionate
	(o)	akhiran -wide
		country → countrywide, nation → nationwide, world → worlwide
	(p)	akhiran -worthy
		blame → blameworthy, trust → trustworthy, praise → praiseworthy
	(q)	akhiran -ship
		friend → friendship, leader → leadership, reader → readership, workman → workmanship

(4)	Kata keterangan yang berasal dari kata sifat (akhiran -ly)
	(a)	efficient → efficiently, rapid → rapidly, slow → slowly

Examples:

Salah	:	Customers will look for improved choice, convenient, quality, speed of service, benefits, courtesy and technology.
Salah	:	Customers will look for improved choice, convenience, quality, speed of service, beneficial, courtesy and technology.
Salah	:	Customers will look for improved choice, convenience, quality, speed of service, benefits, courteous and technology.
Salah	:	Customers will look for improved choice, convenience, qualified, speed of service, benefits, courtesy and technology.
Benar	:	Customers will look for improved choice, convenience, quality, speed of service, benefits, courtesy and technology.

Exercises

Part A : Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

To develop a private, well-planned resort community, the company needs contractors, builders, and the sales personnel to find ____.
1. the potential customers
2. the potency customers
3. the potentiality customers
4. the potentate customers
5. placeholder
All you need to do is be polite and understanding and ____, remember what they say.
1. importance
2. most important
3. more importantly
4. important
5. placeholder

Part B : Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

Writers are
(A) simply
people who
(B) create
and explore
(C) observe
and ideas on
(D) paper
.
(E) placeholder
Because
(C) tense
is crucial to our
(A) understanding
of when actions occur and because time
(B) relation
can be very complex, careful and accurate use of tenses is important to clear writ
(D) in
g.
(E) placeholder

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(1)	Nama orang	:	three boys, two men, one mother
(2)	Nama benda	:	three books, two pencils, one pen
(3)	Nama binatang	:	three rabbits, two animals, one cat
(4)	Nama tempat	:	three restaurants, two hotels, on house
(5)	Nama ide	:	three ideas, two dreams, one plan
(6)	Satuan ukuran	:	three inches, two meters, one pound

(1)	Bentuknya cair: oil, petrol, water, coffee
(2)	Sesuatu yang tak terhitung banyaknya: sugar, salt, rice, grass
(3)	Sesuatu yang menyatu tak terpisahkan: chocolate, cotton, glass, gold, ice
(4)	Bentuknya gas: air, oxygen, pollution, smoke
(5)	Kata benda abstrak: beauty, music, faith, richness, patience, joy
(6)	Bahasa: English, Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese, German, French, Dutch, Italian
(7)	Nama bidang ilmu: history, mathematics, chemistry, phonology, literature, politics
(8)	Cabang olah raga: tennis, badminton, football, athletics, basketball, chess
(9)	Benda yang berhubungan dengan alam: sunshine, thunder, weather, heat, gravity
(10)	Kata benda dari kata kerja + ing: dancing, running, swimming, walking
(11)	Sekelompok benda yang berbentuk satu kesatuan yang tak terpisahkan: baggage, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, jewelry, machinery, money, clothing

(a)	We found a hair in the soup. (countable)
	She has beautiful long hair. (uncountable)
(b)	Would you like a glass of water? (countable)
	The door is made of glass. (uncountable)
(c)	There is a fire. (countable)
	Are you afraid of fire? (uncountable)

1.	Salah	:	It was done without my authorities.
	Benar	:	It was done without my authority.
	authority	:	the legal right to control
2.	Salah	:	I don’t like children who lack parental controls.
	Benar	:	I don’t like children who lack parental control.
	control	:	the power or authority to direct or manage
3.	Salah	:	He has all the modern convenience.
	Benar	:	He has all the modern conveniences.
	convenience	:	an appliance or device that is helpful and useful
4.	Salah	:	I don’t understand his silences on this matter.
	Benar	:	I don’t understand his silence on this matter.
	silence	:	the state of not speaking
5.	Salah	:	He has a poor sight.
	Benar	:	He has poor sight.
	sight	:	the ability to see

(a)	Chocolate milk is milk, so you have to drink it, not eat it.
	(chocolate digunakan untuk menerangkan milk)
(b)	Milk chocolate is chocolate, so you have to eat it, not drink it.
	(milk digunakan untuk menerangkan chocolate)

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(a)	I have five English dictionaries at home.
(b)	We have sold seven hundred pairs of shoes in the last two months.
(c)	There are twenty students altogether.

1.	Salah	:	There is only twenty dollar in my pocket.
	Benar	:	There is only twenty dollars in my pocket.
2.	Salah	:	I have a friend who can speak five language.
	Benar	:	I have a friend who can speak five languages.
3.	Salah	:	How many pairs of shoe do you have?
	Benar	:	How many pairs of shoes do you have?
4.	Salah	:	There are several category of countable nouns.
	Benar	:	There are several categories of countable nouns.
5.	Salah	:	You should always keep both party happy.
	Benar	:	You should always keep both parties happy.

(a)	Garbage has to be thrown away every day.
(b)	Do you speak Chinese?
(c)	Rice is what we need at the moment.

1.	Salah	:	Both parties have to have trusts, respect, understanding and friendship between them if any type of contract is going to be signed and honored.
	Benar	:	Both parties have to have trust, respect, understanding and friendship between them if any type of contract is going to be signed and honored.
2.	Salah	:	If the customer knows that you are someone special, it will help you to achieve more control and authorities.
	Benar	:	If the customer knows that you are someone special, it will help you to achieve more control and authority.
3.	Salah	:	Would you like to have some coffees?
	Benar	:	Would you like to have some coffee?
4.	Salah	:	Which subject do you like better, mathematic or science?
	Benar	:	Which subject do you like better, mathematics or science?
5.	Salah	:	The door is made of irons.
	Benar	:	The door is made of iron.

(a)	Would you like a bar of soap?
(b)	I only have two pieces of baggage.

1.	Salah	:	We need to buy a new furniture for the living-room.
	Benar	:	We need a new piece of furniture for the living-room.
2.	Salah	:	New piece of machinery are coming in to increase the productivity.
	Benar	:	New pieces of machinery are coming in to increase the productivity.
3.	Salah	:	This property is the most beautiful pieces of land I have ever seen in over two years.
	Benar	:	This property is the most beautiful piece of land I have ever seen in over two years.
4.	Salah	:	Even if the product is a bucket mud, the salesman should present it in a velvet cloth.
	Benar	:	Even if the product is a bucket of mud, the salesman should present it in a velvet cloth.
5.	Salah	:	Let’s have game of tennis.
	Benar	:	Let’s have a game of tennis.

(1)	kinds of / types of / sorts of + plural countable noun
	(a)	There are many kinds of jobs you can choose if you know English well.
	(b)	Several kinds of shoes are available in the market.
	(c)	These sorts of stories are strange.
(2)	kinds of / types of / sorts of + uncountable noun
	(a)	Three kinds of homework will be given to us.
	(b)	There are many kinds of beer available.
	(c)	Those kinds of food are not good for you.
(3)	kind of (a) / type of (a) / sort of (a) + singular countable noun
	(a)	How do you know this is the kind of (a) job I am looking for?
	(b)	Are you looking for a special kind of (a) car?
	(c)	This sort of (a) story is strange.
(4)	kind of / type of / sort of + uncountable noun
	(a)	This kind of software will never work on this computer.
	(b)	This is the type of furniture that I want.
	(c)	This kind of food is not good for you.

(1)	Penggunaan dengan kind of / type of / sort of dengan article a + singular countable noun (kind of / type of / sort of a car) adalah penggunaan yang tidak formal.
(2)	Penggunaan kind of/type of/sort of dengan plural noun (kind of / type of / sort of cars) juga adalah penggunaan yang tidak formal.
(3)	Penggunaan demonstratives ‘these/those + kinds of / types of / sorts of + plural countable nouns’ (these kinds of shoes) juga dianggap tidak formal.
(4)	Penggunaan demonstrative ‘these/those’ + kind of / type of / sort of + plural countable noun (these kind of shoes) juga dianggap informal.
(5)	Bentuk yang sangat formal adalah cars of this kind/type/sort.

1.	Salah	:	This kind of computers is now out of stock.
	Benar	:	This kind of computer is now out of stock.
2.	Salah	:	There are several kind of soap available.
	Benar	:	There are several kinds of soap available.
3.	Salah	:	Various kind of fruit are available in the market.
	Benar	:	Various kinds of fruit are available in the market.
4.	Salah	:	What type of cars does she drive?
	Benar	:	What type of car does she drive?
5.	Salah	:	This types of job needs a lot of skill.
	Benar	:	This type of job needs a lot of skill.

(1)	no + singular countable noun
	(a)	No problem can be solved if we do nothing.
	(b)	I am sorry. I have no friend to introduce to you.

(2)	no + plural countable noun
	(a)	I have no excuses for coming late. It’s my fault.
	(b)	No plants can live without water.

(3)	no + uncountable noun
	(a)	No music is allowed here.
	(b)	He has no money at all.

1.	Salah	:	I suspect that a lot of you have not shortage of money.
	Benar	:	I suspect that a lot of you have no shortage of money.
2.	Salah	:	Those who cannot meet their debt obligations have not a choice but to sell what they have at any price.
	Benar	:	Those who cannot meet their debt obligations have no choice but to sell what they have at any price.
3.	Salah	:	People with none debts will get rich easily out of an economy depression.
	Benar	:	People with no debts will get rich easily out of an economy depression.
4.	Salah	:	You will be thankful after noticing people with none legs and unclear minds.
	Benar	:	You will be thankful after noticing people with no legs and unclear minds.
5.	Salah	:	None of smoking is allowed.
	Benar	:	No smoking is allowed.

(1)	one of the + plural noun + singular verb
	(a)	One of the shirts is mine.
	(b)	One of my friends was here yesterday.

(2)	some of the + plural noun + plural verb
	(a)	Some of the shoes cost 100 dollars.
	(b)	Some of the houses are big.

(3)	some of the + uncountable noun + singular verb
	(a)	Some of the sugar is added to the apple juice
	(b)	Some of the money has been given to him.

1.	Salah	:	In order not to go broke, one of the thing you should do is get out of debt.
	Benar	:	In order not to go broke, one of the things you should do is get out of debt.
2.	Salah	:	Some of his loving relative and admiring friends are visiting him.
	Benar	:	Some of his loving relatives and admiring friends are visiting him.
3.	Salah	:	Some of the thing that seems absolutely essential for you to be proud of yourself at 17 or 25 will seem nearly so important at 50.
	Benar	:	Some of the things that seems absolutely essential for you to be proud of yourself at 17 or 25 will seem nearly so important at 50.
4.	Salah	:	Some of the milks is expired.
	Benar	:	Some of the milk is expired.
5.	Salah	:	Some of the informations is not up-to-date.
	Benar	:	Some of the information is not up-to-date.

1.	Salah	:	Fill your life, your home and your works environment with everything which is life-giving.
	Benar	:	Fill your life, your home and your work environment with everything which is life-giving.
2.	Salah	:	An air bath can give your skin a chance to breathe, enhance metabolism and balance body’s energies.
	Benar	:	An air bath can give your skin a chance to breathe, enhance metabolism and balance body energies.
3.	Salah	:	Have you ever started an exercises program with enthusiasm?
	Benar	:	Have you ever started an exercise program with enthusiasm?
4.	Salah	:	Your targets rate for physical activity is 70-85 % of your maximum heart rate.
	Benar	:	Your target rate for physical activity is 70-85 % of your maximum heart rate.
5.	Salah	:	He is the first clinician to offer documented proof that heart’s disease can halted by changing your lifestyle.
	Benar	:	He is the first clinician to offer documented proof that heart disease can be halted by changing your lifestyle.

1.	Salah	:	Ten dollars are a good price.
	Benar	:	Ten dollars is a good price.
2.	Salah	:	The rich is becoming richer.
	Benar	:	The rich are becoming richer.
3.	Salah	:	The majority vote against him.
	Benar	:	The majority votes against him.
4.	Salah	:	The people from Japan and Korea is of Chinese descent.
	Benar	:	The people from Japan and Korea are of Chinese descent.
5.	Salah	:	A family consist of the father, the mother and the children.
	Benar	:	A family consists of the father, the mother and the children.

(1)	enough + plural countable noun
	(a)	We have enough chairs or
		We have chairs enough.
	(b)	There aren’t enough books for all students or
		We have books enough for all students.

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(2)	enough + uncountable noun
	(a)	We have enough time or
		We have time enough.
	(b)	There isn’t enough money or
		We have money enough.

1.	Salah	:	I don’t have enough car, so I can’t lend one to you.
	Benar	:	I don’t have enough cars, so I can’t lend one to you.
2.	Salah	:	Do you have enough the food for everybody?
	Benar	:	Do you have enough food for everybody?
	Benar	:	Do you have food enough for everybody?
3.	Salah	:	Without the enough rest, you will soon get sick.
	Benar	:	Without enough rest, you will soon get sick.
	Benar	:	Without rest enough, you will soon get sick.
4.	Salah	:	The police do not have the enough proof to arrest him.
	Benar	:	The police do not have enough proof to arrest him.
	Benar	:	The police do not have proof enough to arrest him.
5.	Salah	:	We have enough the time to get to the airport.
	Benar	:	We have enough time to get to the airport.
	Benar	:	We have time enough to get to the airport.

1.	Salah	:	Mr James he didn’t know about it.
	Benar	:	Mr James didn’t know about it.
	Benar	:	He didn’t know about it.
2.	Salah	:	The children, they never behave themselves.
	Benar	:	The children never behave themselves.
	Benar	:	They never behave themselves.
3.	Salah	:	The queue it moved quite fast.
	Benar	:	The queue moved quite fast.
	Benar	:	It moved quite fast
4.	Salah	:	Many accidents they happened on the roads.
	Benar	:	Many accidents happened on the roads.
	Benar	:	They happened on the roads.
5.	Salah	:	The children that they were found abandoned.
	Benar	:	The children were found abandoned.
	Benar	:	They were found abandoned.

(a)	The literature of the eighteenth century was written in old English.
(b)	The work of many people has made this world a wonderful place to live in.

1.	Salah	:	Professionalism of a person will determine whether he is just a fast-talking salesman or not.
	Benar	:	The professionalism of a person will determine whether he is just a fast-talking salesman or not.
2.	Salah	:	The younger people don’t have sophistication of the oldsters.
	Benar	:	The younger people don’t have the sophistication of the oldsters.
3.	Salah	:	In 1990s, we saw explosive growth of e-commerce on the Internet.
	Benar	:	In 1990s, we saw the explosive growth of e-commerce on the Internet.
4.	Salah	:	One of the important contributing factors in globalization of markets is the spread of English as the language of international business.
	Benar	:	One of the important contributing factors in the globalization of markets is the spread of English as the language of international business.
5.	Salah	:	Marketing decisions cannot be made in absence of product designers, engineers, production managers and purchasing managers.
	Benar	:	Marketing decisions cannot be made in the absence of product designers, engineers, production managers and purchasing managers.

(a)	The borrowing of books for more than two weeks is not allowed.
(b)	The training of employees costs a lot of money.

1.	Salah	:	Creating of good sentences is an art.
	Benar	:	The creating of good sentences is an art.
2.	Salah	:	Booking of the hotel was late.
	Benar	:	The booking of the hotel was late.
3.	Salah	:	Predicting of the direction of the economy is not easy.
	Benar	:	The predicting of the direction of the economy is not easy.
4.	Salah	:	Selling of part or all of government enterprises means privatization.
	Benar	:	The selling of part or all of government enterprises means privatization.
5.	Salah	:	Controlling of money in circulation is done by the central bank.
	Benar	:	The controlling of money in circulation is done by the central bank.

1.	Salah	:	Scents affect you not only emotional but also physiologically.
	Benar	:	Scents affect you not only emotionally but also physiologically.
2.	Salah	:	This book will teach you how to use color creative to increase energy levels.
	Benar	:	This book will teach you how to use color creatively to increase energy levels.
3.	Salah	:	If you want to create a high energy way of eating, do it gradual.
	Benar	:	If you want to create a high energy way of eating, do it gradually.
4.	Salah	:	Please fill in the form careful.
	Benar	:	Please fill in the form carefully.
5.	Salah	:	You don’t have to stick slavish to the instructions – they are only guidelines.
	Benar	:	You don’t have to stick slavishly to the instructions – they are only guidelines.

1.	Salah	:	There is nothing intrinsical wrongly with wanting to be slim and attractive.
	Benar	:	There is nothing intrinsically wrong with wanting to be slim and attractive.
2.	Salah	:	The price of the food at the fair is relative low, with a wide range of choices on offer.
	Benar	:	The price of the food at the fair is relatively low, with a wide range of choices on offer.
3.	Salah	:	Babies born prematurely show the effects years later, with parts of their brains significant smaller when they are eight years old.
	Benar	:	Babies born prematurely show the effects years later, with parts of their brains significantly smaller when they are eight years old.
4.	Salah	:	According to Thai belief, touching the head, the most sacred part of the body, is considered high offensive.
	Benar	:	According to Thai belief, touching the head, the most sacred part of the body, is considered highly offensive.
5.	Salah	:	Students who take part in the test are full aware that their chances of failure are about 80%.
	Benar	:	Students who take part in the test are fully aware that their chances of failure are about 80%.

(1)	sometimes (kadang-kadang)
	(a)	Sometimes I get up early in the morning.
	(b)	She sometimes works overtime.
	(c)	She is sometimes late.
	(d)	I go swimming sometimes.